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The current paper reports on the results of a national research project investigating the use of didactic audiovisual translation (DAT) in foreign language teaching. Although previous research in this field concludes that there are positive outcomes in students’ learning, most studies rely on small samples and analyse one language skill only. The TRADILEX project aims at examining the effect of several modes of audiovisual translation (AVT) -i.e., subtitling, dubbing, subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing, audio description and voiceover- in oral and written skills of university students learning English as a foreign language. This article assesses the effectiveness of a didactic proposal that includes 30 lesson plans through an intervention carried out with 566 participants from eight universities in Spain. The study relies on a quantitative design, and statistical tests (descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Test) were carried out to estimate the effect of DAT on oral and written reception and oral and written production of the students. Our results underline that there are statistically significant differences that confirm students improved in the four communicative skills in the foreign language. Besides, there is a positive evolution in students’ achievement during the study, and participants report a favourable perception of the didactic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The audiences of generalist television’s newscasts reflect that the viewers’ interests and loyalties are constantly changing. Research shows that several elements influence the success of programs and formats, but in this paper, we draw attention to the factors that determine the credibility of newscasts. We also want to know how pluralism is safeguarded in newscasts, as we consider that credibility and pluralism are two intertwined values that influence one another. As credibility is a subjective value, it is required to find new information criteria that is suitable and of the utmost rigor. The main aim is to delve into whether there is a consensus on the basic parameters for the definition, identification, and assessment of credibility of nationwide public service media in Spain. Moreover, we are also interested in whether audience figures can be used to determine the degree of trust of newscasts. The analysis brings forward the observations of researchers, scholars and media professionals that offer a vision on the different approaches that integrate the multiple aspects affecting news consumption and interpretation. We conclude that credibility is a concept composed of multidimensional components, resulting from a process where different filters condition fact perception. That is why a story can have different meanings, related to the different point of views of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an up-to-date overview of how students in Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) in Spanish public schools, aged between 11 and 16, approach the media, how they inform themselves, the degree of journalistic discrimination they have, and how they deal with the news in times of an infodemic and disinformation. In addition, it explores the opinion of teachers on the media deficits they perceive in their students. The main research technique used in this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 1,651 ESO students from all over Spain with a confidence level of <95% and a ±3% sampling error. In order to delve deeper into some of the main aspects pointed out by students, 77 in-depth interviews were conducted with teachers from all over Spain. The main results highlight that high school students are mainly informed through social networks, television, and their family or friendship groups; that they have difficulties in discriminating between information and opinion; and that, although they consider themselves capable of differentiating between news and hoaxes, more than half are unable to distinguish between fake and real news. According to the teachers in some of these schools, media consumption among students is non-critical, fuelled by the compulsive consumption of audiovisual and digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to measure a population's level of knowledge and active use of certain digital tools that play a primary role in developing their media literacy. To achieve it, an Online Digital Literacy test was designed to measure the knowledge and active usage of 45 different online software packages. This tool works as a reliable indicator to identify a population's media literacy development in terms of its linguistic and technological dimensions. More than 1,500 subjects of different gender, age and level of studies were tested in different cities within the autonomous community of Castilla and León in Spain, to measure their competence using these tools. The resulting data has enabled the identification of the level differences between age groups and gender and to formulate proposals in respect of digital literacy to enhance the public's competence in terms of media education. The general results indicate that people's Online Digital Literacy level is lower than ideal and that there is a level divide in relation to gender and age and that the average user has a social and recreational profile as a consumer of pre-existing content on the Internet rather than as manager, instigator or creator of his or her own content. This paper's conclusions therefore raise awareness of these deficiencies and encourage academic institutions to design specific digital literacy educational programmes to help citizens become media empowered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the main contributions of the TV broadcasters in Spain to the study of the relationships between television and childhood. It is justified by the need of compile and organise these contributions. Quality contents broadcasted for children, children consumption of television and the role of TV channels to transfer a positive image of the childhood have been the mainstays of this text. The information that we report is the result of the study carried out from Observatorio Comunicación y Sociedad. Methodologically, consulting scientific bibliography about television and childhood has made possible to put our study into context. After that, the use of questionnaire to people responsible of contents broadcasted for children by the main Spanish TV channels, and the analysis of the different experiences and work papers prepared by televisions, have allowed to create a setting with the broadcasters' main contributions to a new paradigm which improves the relationship between minors and television. The conclusion from the analysis and the consultation to experts point that, except in the case of the public state television and some regional televisions, the research and the redesign of the childhood/television relationship is not one of the channels priorities. In fact, only TVE has an important scientific production in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to identify the values conveyed by «Operación Triunfo» and «Fama ia bailar!». Their popularity (especially among young people) and prescriptive nature (they convey life models by means of identifying problems and proposing objectives and solutions) make them relevant study objects. This paper focuses on how work and fame are depicted in «Operación Triunfo» and «Fama ¡a bailar!», two areas that have hardly been studied in Spain. In order to fulfil the objectives of this paper, these programmes were analysed using a methodology that combines narrative semiotics, audiovisual style and narrative form analysis, as well as ludology and game design theory. The analysis shows that these programmes depict professional success as personally and socioeconomically rewarding, although it is extremely difficult to achieve. To obtain this success, the contestants are transformed through education and celebritisation. Finally, in these programmes there is a conflict between talent and fame. This paper concludes that «Operación Triunfo» and «Fama ia bailar!» present fame as a life aspiration and also show the mechanisms used to produce it. The programmes depict modem society as meritocratic and evidence the importance of image in the modern workplace. Finally, they describe a «good worker» as someone passionate about their work, adaptable and capable of sacrificing his/her personal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish Civil War occupies an important place in the European collective memory. The film language and depiction of that conflict provide an important platform from which to study certain features of the European cultural matrix. This paper examines propaganda films produced by the Republican government, especially those produced under the supervision of Luis Buñuel, the Spanish surrealist filmmaker. At the start of the war, the Aragonese filmmaker returned to Paris following a summons by the Spanish Foreign Ministry to collaborate with the Spanish embassy in Paris in counterespionage and propaganda. Buñuel's main task was to gather, organize and edit pro-Republican footage. Unlike films made for viewing in Spain, the Paris-produced propaganda films were aimed at audiences in Europe with the objective of changing the doctrine of non-intervention in the conflict. They are also characterized by Buñuel's theories and conception of documentary film-making, in which reflection and the psychological resources that motivate action or move an individual conscience predominate. This paper describes and analyses the film language and practice of that era, in particular the unique and emblematic film «España 1936» (1937). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines and discusses the rules and standards set by parents for their children on Internet usage at home. Data that supports the paper have been obtained by surveying a representative sample of children in the Balearic Islands aged between 6 and 16 years; the analysis dimensions are: access by minors to the Internet from home; location of the computer from which have online access; level of autonomy or accompaniment while surfing the Net; norms imposed by their parents; types of rules imposed; relationship between norms and gender; the minors' opinion and assessment of the knowledge and abilities of their parents on use of the Internet and, finally, the accompanying strategies of parents when their children access the Internet. The main results shows that just over 53% of minors between 6 and 14, and 62% of those between 15 and 16, surf the Internet without their parents' presence and free of any norms and/or limitations. Where standards are established, these are mainly to do with temporary restrictions. Therefore, it appears that parents are unaware of the dangers of the Internet or at least act irrationally. This shows the need for awareness and provision of skills, knowledge and abilities to enable parents to assume their responsibilities in the Internet usage of minors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyzes the results of a qualitative investigation developed by the Spanish public television on the values and characteristics of the national television fiction genre, as well as other aspects of its latest evolution. The conclusions of this qualitative analysis and the audience ratings confirm the hegemony of the genre within the generalist television programming. In the same sense, the paper analyzes its latest tendencies and what is called the last renewal of domestic television fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to set out the conceptualization of media competence leads to a broader perspective in which there is a convergence of factors linked to the digital and audiovisual competences, both of which constitute the reference framework for «information processing and digital competence», which is the key competence in Spain's national curriculum. Despite the ongoing experiences in audiovisual and digital communication few attempts have been made to define the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed for a person to be deemed competent in these two areas, which are essential for the teaching and learning processes. This paper analyzes six important studies on digital and audiovisual literacy, considering issues such as the recipients, the conceptualization used in each study and the dimensions they suggest, the type of taxonomy, indicators...and the educational proposals: objectives, content, activities are systematized in a series of dimensions and indicators to define media literacy and design activities for a didactic proposal in accordance with the indicators established. The development of this research has led us to affirm the need for convergence in terminology and the expansion of resources based on the indicators defined, which affect the diverse areas of media literacy in an effective way and function to enable teaching actions among the various groups that comprise today's society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reflect critically, using the latest data taken from reports, research, publications and other sources, on how to empower children in their daily Internet browsing given current online risks. These risks faced by children are a real concern for teachers, families and researchers and this article will focus on analyzing those online risks which produce the most emotional distress for children, namely grooming and cyberbullying. The use of the Internet, and the ease with which information or situations can be seen on it, has broken the social taboos associated with the risks that children are exposed to. Data such as 44% of children in Spain having felt sexually harassed on the Internet at any time in 2002, or 20% of U.S. children suffering cyberbullying according to a survey of 4,400 students in 2010, indicates the severity of the problem. Therefore, as stated in UNESCO's MIL Curriculum for Teachers (Media and Information Literacy), it is necessary to work on the responsible use of the Internet by children and to empower them to reduce the possibility of them becoming future victims or bullies. At the end of the article we will develop a list of recommendations to be considered in the design of educational activities focused on the critical training of the minor's use of the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the productive structure in Spanish television research. Data from theses about Spanish television which had been defended in this country over the period 1976/2007 was extracted. Two methodologies are used within this analysis: a bibliometric analysis and Social Network Analysis (SNA). Results show the production of theses by time period, university, these advisors and examination board members. The use of social networks leads us in the identification of notable academic groups operating in the present period as well as tendencies in the composition of the board in terms of university of origin and thesis advisor. There are 404 theses on television written in this period. The results indicate a general and constant increase in the number of theses, especially noticeable over the last 15 years. Regarding scientific production, the Complutense University of Madrid stands out as the most productive. The structural analysis shows that only the Complutense University of Madrid, the Autonomous University of Barcelona, University of Navarre and the University of La Laguna generate their own research groups. Professors shaping the Spanish research system for television are found through the analysis of social networks. Leading positions within the network structure are held by professors of communication from the Complutense University of Madrid and the Autonomous University of Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today in Spain there are many teenagers who suffer unwanted pregnancies. The extension of the abortion law and the approval of the sale of morning-after pill without a prescription have focused attention on girls under 18. The possibilities of motherhood, an unwanted pregnancy and the alternatives are variables that young women face in the real world, and upon which the discourses of films are constructed, some of which coincide with reality and some of which do not. On the big screen we can see movies like Juno, Precious and The Greatest which express different points of view about the topic of teenage pregnancy. These audiovisual texts have a direct impact on the creation and proliferation of models, attitudes and values. Their influence upon young people is evident and they form a reference alongside family and school for adopting certain patterns of behavior and assimilating socially accepted archetypes. This paper analyzes these films from a gender perspective, using the tools of both audiovisual language and textual analysis. Through this analysis, we establish that visions of motherhood and adolescent sex are constructed and identify the strategies used for the production of meaning in these films. The results show how the models and stereotypes survive under the appearance of renewed and alternative audiovisual discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) competences are an essential part of teachers' curricula in Spain. This paper presents an analysis of the technical skills in the use of ICT of future primary school teachers in the final year of teacher training at the University of Murcia (period 2008-2009). This analysis adopts a three-dimensional approach. Firstly, it aims to explore students' mastery of the technical skills in using ICT. Secondly, it analyses how the university is working on the development of ICT skills in professionals in general. Finally, but probably most importantly, it attempts to show the current ICT levels of the future school teachers. This analysis is crucial, and not only for teachers who are already working. It is equally, if not more so, for newly trained teachers on the point of going into formal education in schools. Therefore, this study helps us to evaluate them not only as students, professionals and teachers who use ICT, but at the same time it help us to assess if a course at a Higher Education institution is a real way of obtaining minimum knowledge of this area. This is crucial in integrating new teachers into the new social and technological environment and it makes the evaluation of cross-curricular competences in the University of Murcia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the uses of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the universities of Castilla and León. We believe that the integration of ICT in the universities is essential for the development of a university system in line with the requirements of the knowledge society. This piece of work must be placed within a research that has analyzed the use of ICT in higher education in the universities of Castilla and León. In our view, the uses of ICT in higher education are one of the main key indicators for its level of integration. With this research, whose goals relate to ascertaining the level of integration of ICT in the universities of Castilla and León, we seek to identify the factors that influence the use-avoidance of ICT by professors, and to describe the uses that they make of ICT in the development of their profession (teaching and research). For this reason, we have conducted an ex-post-facto research with a descriptive and improvement-seeking motivation. Even though the results of this research highlight the widespread use of ICT within universities, they also point out that this use is superficial and indicate a lack of actual integration of ICT in the universities of Castilla and León. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has an approach to the different characteristics which make up the public's image of journalists, analysing the motivations behind the decision of those who became and those who want to become journalists. In the case of professional journalists, there is a theoretical framework from which to analyze the essential influences on the decision to become a journalist: we can underline the development of personal talents, and the social influence of journalism and its existential possibilities. These reasons help explain some professional behaviour and attitudes, and point to why journalism is a questionable profession in Spain nowadays. The ideal profile of a journalist inevitably influences the value placed on the work of journalists, and also affects the Decision of those who contemplate a career in journalism. Moreover, these youngsters who want to become journalists - whose motivations are contrasted in an investigation into students in the final year of High School and the first year of university - accept the usual stereotypes of journalists, even those which present a kind of mythical image, but these youngsters are also conscious of the need for personal criticism. They call for the return to the most important values and qualities of journalism to develop professional competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is doubly justified: as a part of a bigger research project on types of so far marginalized characters in television drama serials; and as a contribution to the teenage invasion of the TV screen as a call to this kind of audience. The aim of this paper is to show prototypes of adolescents created in televised products broadcast today in Spain. The methodology is based on two factors: a quantitative one about serials and characters, and a qualitative analysis of drama serials and teen characters. The result confirms the existence of a powerful standardized appearance and attitude regarding the models proposed by American series over the Spanish ones. The conclusion discusses the generation of contradictory teenage prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has an approach to the different characteristics which make up the public's image of journalists, analysing the motivations behind the decision of those who became and those who want to become journalists. In the case of professional journalists, there is a theoretical framework from which to analyze the essential influences on the decision to become a journalist: we can underline the development of personal talents, and the social influence of journalism and its existential possibilities. These reasons help explain some professional behaviour and attitudes, and point to why journalism is a questionable profession in Spain nowadays. The ideal profile of a journalist inevitably influences the value placed on the work of journalists, and also affects the decision of those who contemplate a career in journalism. Moreover, these youngsters who want to become journalists — whose motivations are contrasted in an investigation into students in the final year of High School and the first year of university — accept the usual stereotypes of journalists, even those which present a kind of mythical image, but these youngsters are also conscious of the need for personal criticism. They call for the return to the most important values and qualities of journalism to develop professional competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the models of Public Television in Spain (TVE) and Great Britain (BBC), within the different contexts in which both entities are created and developed. We understand that the features adopted by cultural industries do not obey to immovable determinations but are the result of political, economic and cultural circumstances. The discourse of professionals working in these two media -obtained trough indepth interviews- will allow us to infer the concept of public service inspiring their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained from a sample of adolescents from the Basque Country (Spain) regarding the relationship between their personal values and the values perceived in their favourite television programmes. The theoretical framework used for conceptualizing and assessing such values was the Schwartz model; and the instrument used for the study was an own scale developed by the authors (Val-TV 0.1), which was statistically validated using a multidimensional analysis. In accordance with our hypotheses, which are based on previous studies, we can affirm that, in general, the subjects tend to perceive the same values in television programmes that they themselves show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of 2007 four experts on educational television carried out some research on the relationship between pre-university education and educational television. This research aimed at showing the diverse situations regarding the «didactic progress of television» from the answers and comments of more than a hundred teachers of different pre-university levels from several regions of Spain. This paper tries to spread the results of the afore mentioned research to show the poor situation of educational television in Spain. It offers a brief account of diverse educational TV experiences around the world and makes a modest proposal for a new model of educational television that could be useful for teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some ideas about how the author sees the current television in Spain. It has been calculated that today in Spain one student of Primary or Secondary school spends about 900 hours in class and between 1.500 and 2.000 in front of the TV. The author develops some audiovisual, academic activities that teachers could do with students in order to improve their abilities to watch television from a critical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the preliminary exposition and results of a feasibility project for an Observatory of Consumption of Infantile Television that contributes with indexes of evolutionary impact (developmental ratings) of diverse contents, taking part in the television diet of Spanish children. The model of analysis has developed indicators about 7 evolutionary dimensions relative to the imagery representation and to the orientation in the symbolic reality. This model has been applied in a pilot stage to a limited but significant sample (the 10 and the 30 most seen programs by 4, 7, and 12-year-old Spanish children), as well as to the most seen advertising. The provisional results allow us to establish certain features of the situation of the audio-visual diet and the orientation of the imagery representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main idea of this paper is to propose a way for planning some electronic tools which are currently present in e-learning platforms. Every step of the proposal is illustrated by a real example of students from the Education Degree Course or Psycho-Education Postgraduate Course of The University of The Basque Country. Thus, an attempt is made to offer a way to reflect on the planning and management of the online tutoring of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the experience of an innovative educational project in new technologies, developed in Cantabria (Spain) from 2004 to 2006. The author stress the plurality of the groups with which they have worked (considered in risk of socio-digital exclusion), as well as the carrying out of the project in their leisure and free time. The analysis of this initiative tries to be an incentive to open a general reflection on education «in» and «with» information technologies which gives them back their character as a cultural appliance and their role in the complex dynamics of power and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, mobile phones are an essential communication tool and even a personal symbol which often defines the personality of the young people of the 21th century. Thus, it is important to analyze the causes and consequences of its success, above all, among teenagers, who are the real driving force behind this technology. The present paper analyzes the main features of mobile phones marketing -product, price, distribution and communication- and also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the use of the different methodologies in cultural studies by Spanish researchers and academics. These working methodologies are still peripheral in film studies in Spain, although the number of publications generically adhering to cultural studies viewpoints are increasing, above all those studies concerning film audience or gender and, to a lesser extent, those dealing with film reception, stereotype representation and more recently transnational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to offer a historical perspective of higher cinema teaching in Spain, from its origins in the 40s to the present. The current map of official studies in film, courses, workshops, seminars, etc., in Spain is very complex. This is the reason why we offer a complete diagram of university subjects related to the cinema in higher education in all the autonomous regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]