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What is the relationship between associational development, public sphere development and hegemony? How does this relationship affect the management of territories and populations in divided societies along national lines? Theoretically, this paper builds on the concepts of hegemony, civil society, and public sphere to argue that hegemony requires both a thick civil society (in Gramsci's terms) and a de-politicized public sphere (in Schmitt's terms). Further, the de-politicization of the public sphere has to be established before the development of civil society. By contrast, when associational development takes place within a politicized public sphere, it leads to the bifurcation of civil society. Empirically, this paper investigates the Israeli-Palestinian negotiation process (Oslo, 1993-2000). On the one hand, Oslo set off a process of associational construction among "Palestinian Israelis," which, by occurring within the politicized Israeli public sphere, led to the political counter-mobilization among the Jewish Israeli public. On the other hand, it also set in motion a process of associational development in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. By taking place within a public sphere, which, like the Israeli one, is highly politicized, it increased the pressure on Oslo's political and territorial concessions. Through the Israeli-Palestinian case, this paper suggests that the timing of the de-politicization of the public sphere and of associational development is a key analytical axis for the study of democracy, nationalism, and conflict management in divided societies along national lines. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a dimension of intergenerational conflict among children of Korean immigrants in the U.S. In the classical immigrant story, intergenerational conflict stems from differences of culture experienced by parents and their children. In particular, this culture gap has been reported greater in Asian immigrant homes. Is the a preventive factor of the generational culture gap? Using 151 survey questionnaires administered in 2003 to grown children of Korean immigrants who lived in the following states: California, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, this paper tests whether or not ethnic cultural continuity is a preventive factor of parent-child conflict in Korean immigrant homes. The result shows that there is a strong connection between the maintenance of ethnic culture and the diminished level of intergenerational conflict. This suggests that young adult Korean Americans who have built ties to ethnic experience are unlikely to develop a serious level of parent-child conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an emerging consensus that women must play a more substantial role in transformations from violence to stability. The UN's Women, Peace, and Security framework recognizes the unique challenges women face during war and affirms the important role they play in the prevention and resolution of conflicts. Despite this framework and other related efforts, peace remains elusive for many who have lived through armed conflict. What prevents formal, internationally-led peacebuilding efforts from fostering sustainable peace in ordinary citizens' lives? Put differently, despite the variety of peacebuilding mechanisms offered, what prevents peace from taking hold, for women in particular? In this paper we focus on two postwar cases: Bosnia and Nepal. Drawing on interviews with more than seventy women in both countries, we identify five barriers that prevent women from feeling at peace in their daily lives: economic insecurity, competing truths, hierarchies of victimhood, continuums of violence, and spatial and temporal dislocation. We conclude by outlining ways that women in both countries work to overcome those barriers by pioneering innovations in peacebuilding, which may reveal possibilities for future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes up four issues relevant to the study of strategy and strategizing in social movements, namely, the units of analysis are for understanding movement strategy; the definition of strategy and strategizing; mediations among levels of analysis; and the relation of social movement studies to social movements themselves. Drawing on Marxist and Marxist-influenced work such as the literary theory of Bakhtin and Volosinov, the political economy and writings on strategy of Gramsci and neo-Gramscians, and the cognitive and developmental psychology of Vygotsky and his students, as well as kindred developments in pragmatist sociology, the paper offers a synthetic view of how to understand social movement strategies as learning processes linked to actors' efforts to coordinate relations within structured settings. In emphasizing that social movements are best seen as networks with the real potential (immanence) to change structured inequality, the paper outlines challenges that analysts face in joining their insights to movement efforts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: A venerable, and aged, thesis in social theory, posed by Rousseau, says that pity is at the cornerstone of the cultivation of a positive and productive democracy. The suggestion of an immaterial good that sustains democracy, justice, and peace-beyond the realm of procedures and government-levels of rational negotiation-is at the core of the newer paradigms operative in the studies of peace processes and conflict mediation. Political scientists, sociologists, and peacemakers now look to sustainable forms of peace, achieved not only through policy changes, but also through shifting cultural symbols, religious sentiments and metaphors, thus transforming the hearts and minds of the people (Gopin 2002; Hermann and Newman 2003; Appleby 2000). This paper explores ethnographic and interview data collected from a group of Israelis and Palestinians who have lost children in the conflict who come to reconcile with each other and work for peace through grassroots action, through mutual recognition and acceptance of other's narratives of pain and suffering. Scholars of this particular peace process suggest that mutual acceptance of the other's narrative, through reconciliation and empathy is the key to this peace process (Bar-Tal and Bennick 2001; Bar Siman Tov 2004). Using the political and ethical theory of Emmanuel Levinas, I describe the religious and humanist cultural roots of intra and inter personal transformations wherein "the other's narrative of suffering" draws the members of this organization out of interminable conflict with the other. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of peace and conflict studies is still coalescing, despite the fact that the first undergraduate degree program in the United States was established in 1948. Almost sixty years later, the field still goes by so many names that core identity issues have not been resolved. The names of degree programs reveal various foci: peace studies; justice studies; conflict studies; conflict analysis; conflict resolution; conflict management; conflict transformation; and dispute resolution. This paper recounts the history of the field's development, and then charts and analyzes the curricular content of undergraduate degree programs in the United States and Canada. This is accomplished through analysis of the curricular requirements for those degree programs, as well as through comparative analysis of the syllabi for the required courses in those programs. This data allows us to identify whether and if core constructs have been established in this emerging discipline, and the degree of coherence that may be present in the field. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the theoretical and analytical resources of critical theory to explore the processes and conflicts over efforts to present tragic events as spectacles, focusing on a case study of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent government response have intensified uncertainty and unpredictability, disclosed a new vulnerability in U.S. cities, and showed how a predicted disaster could wreck havoc within the U.S. economy and political system. I first examine the ways in which the logic of spectacle and entertainment permeate a major disaster like Katrina. Next, I investigate how media coverage and political commentary on Katrina insinuates its own immanent critique of racial and class divisions in U.S. society. Finally, I draw attention to how critical tendencies are immanent to the commodification process itself, in the form of disaster tourism and the production of Katrina souvenirs that embrace spectacle to criticize federal policy and build global awareness of New Orleans's plight. Overall, my goal is to show how the category of immanent critique can play an important role in drawing out the implications of disaster-as-spectacle, illustrating the intersection of race and class in U.S. society, and highlighting the multidimensional, conflictual, and contradictory character of spectacles. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical paper explores the relationship between welfare state formation and violence, and specifically examines the possibility that the ?woman-friendly state? provides the structural discursive formation most favorable to non-violent resolution of conflict. A woman-friendly state is one where women are able to maintain autonomous households, which requires that the nexus of care, resources, and voice is recognized as located in the social individual. The structural recognition of this nexus is more likely to foster a society where the dignity of individuals, no matter how powerless, is prized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I consider the effects of history on political events through a comparative analysis of the development of the abortion conflict, from the 1960s through the 1990s, in state capital areas in two different parts of the country (Albany-Troy-Schenectady, New York, and Columbus, Ohio). I try to account, in particular, for the development of a more violent abortion conflict in Central Ohio, with its two waves of anti-abortion provider arson and bombings and a suspicious killing, but not in the Albany area. An analysis of the histories of the two areas and events during the study period shows that--thanks to different economic and cultural histories--the two cities developed very different political cultures. More threatened by a fundamental Anglo Protestant Republican vs. Irish- and Italian-American Roman Catholic working-class Democrat cleavage, Albany developed partly grassroots mechanisms to mediate conflict. As the 1960s unfolded and the abortion conflict developed, these mechanisms fell short, but Albany coped by innovating and developing new institutional mechanisms. These new institutions I label: the town meeting and the mass-mobilized court battle. More dominated by Protestant Republican elites who have owned local businesses and less fractured by fundamental conflict, Columbus developed private roundtable discussions among business elites as a key conflict-mediation mechanism. Central Ohio leaders turned to private roundtables among leading abortion activists as a key mediation mechanism for the abortion conflict. The additional anti-abortion provider violence was one of the results. Implications for the study of public debate, social conflict, and democracy are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study that begins to fill a gap in the existing research on apologies by focusing on the social-structural determinants that influence individuals who have committed norm violations against others to choose (or not to choose) apology as a primary strategy for addressing their wrongdoing with the victims. Specifically, the study focuses on the relationship of power -- superior or subordinate -- between wrong doer and victim, and seeks to answer the questions: (1) Is the power relationship significant for wrongdoers? selection of a conflict resolution strategy? (2) Is style of moral reasoning (how choice of strategy is justified) significantly related to wrong doers? selection of strategies? (3) Does the strength or weakness of the possible liabilities (negative repercussions, either for wrong doers or for victims, significantly influence strategy selection and style of moral reasoning? (4) Is perceived institutional legitimacy (the ?just? authority of superiors) significantly related to wrong doers? responses, i.e. their selection of strategies and styles of moral reasoning? Although this study ultimately is directed toward the institutional settings of criminal justice, the roles of professor and student offered a paradigmatic example of social relationships that are institutionally structured around the unequal power of each group. A survey was conducted of approximately 100 respondents from each group to indicate the strength of their agreement about a series of possible responses to five hypothetical scenarios that involved wrongdoing and potential conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of labor conflict have found that strikes are both less common and less efficacious than they once were. In response, many unions have come to rely on alternative forms of symbolic and associational power. This paper addresses this topic by examining the history of nurses organizing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Unlike other groups of private sector workers, in recent decades nurses' unions have grown, and continue to engage in multiple high profile strikes. However, nurses' organizations have historically been broadly ambivalent toward the strike. Nurses' early organization within professional associations shaped how they engaged in workplace-centered conflict; this organizational history and ongoing collective claims to professional status kept nurses from striking for their first two decades of collective bargaining, even as many nurses themselves were becoming increasingly militant. I argue that the tensions, contradictions and compromises of the early era of nurse organizing--particularly the tension between "professional" patient-care obligations and the use of economic coercion--helped produce a set of practices that would prove helpful in later conflicts. Nurses unions' deliberate mobilization of moral suasion and professional authority in the public sphere, originally intended as an alternative to the exercise of workplace power, became powerful symbolic tools during later confrontational strikes. These tools proved particularly potent during periods of declining public trust in corporate medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the Chinese new middle class since 1978 has led much debate on the social and political consequences of the structural changes. This paper examines the attitude towards social and environmental issues and different modes of conflict resolutions among different classes in urban China. Data analyses from the Chinese General Social Survey 2003 show that Chinese new middle class do not differ from other classes in attitudes towards social inequality and environmental problems in general. However, when they encounter the conflict involving their own interests, they are more likely to take actions, and they prefer to resolve the conflicts through channels outside the formal institutions. The distinctive character of the rapidly rising new middle classes would have important implications for shaping the trajectory of China's future transition. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relational outcomes of three types of alternative dispute resolution using a multi-method research design. Employing both vignettes and laboratory research, I examine the effect of level of third party intervention on relational outcomes including perceptions of fairness of the other disputant, general positive regard toward him or her, and predictions for positive future interactions. Results from the two experiments are significantly different. In the vignette research - that most widely used in previous research on alternative dispute resolution and perceptions of fairness - mediation is preferred over direct negotiation and arbitration. However, in the laboratory experiment - a heretofore under-employed method in research on alternative dispute resolution, where disputants actually engage in the process - mediation produces the most dismal of relational outcomes. The conclusion highlights the possible explanations for, and implications of, the contradictory findings on the utility of mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a theoretical exploration of the process of forgiveness with relevance to both personal and political contexts. I define forgiveness, compare it to other responses to violence and wrongdoing, explain its relation to both reconciliation and broader conflict resolution, and delineate between personal and political forgiveness. Further, I outline both the benefits and limitations of forgiveness as a theory and a practice. This theoretical examination pays special attention to application within the context of Northern Uganda where a twenty-year war between the Ugandan government and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) persists. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine a fundamental sociological question: how does conflict between groups affect relations within groups? I present a theory specifying the conditions under which groups in conflict will develop stricter norms and more centralized systems of leadership than groups at peace. I evaluate the theory using a laboratory study that tests the causal mechanism while controlling for factors that complicate the study of conflict in the field. Using the intergroup prisoner's dilemma paradigm (Bornstein 2003), I find that intergroup conflict interacts with cultural values to shape group cohesion (contribution to collective action), support for social norms (willingness to engage in costly punishment of those who do not contribute to the group), and the centralization of authority (willingness to switch from a democratic decision-making system to an autocratic system). The results suggest that group conflict plays an important causal role in norm emergence, costly punishment, and the establishment of group hierarchies. The results support classical sociological theories while providing a clearer picture of the causal mechanism. On a practical level, the results suggest that conflict resolution efforts could benefit from emphasizing relationships within as well as between groups. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the prevalence of conflict resolution between individuals with who have continued contact after they leave the courtroom, mediator's office, or agree to contract terms, few studies have explored how various types of alternative dispute resolution affect the relationship between disputants. Drawing on recent research in social exchange that explore how various types of exchange affect perceptions of exchange partners, this paper explores how various levels of neutral third party intervention in an exchange (low and high, operationalized as mediation and arbitration) affect perceptions exchange partners have of one another. Experimental results indicate that third party intervention is positively related to perceptions of the other party (perceptions of fairness of, general positive regard toward, and optimism about the tone of future interactions). Increased likelihood of situational attributions for disputants' behavior and decreased salience of conflict with high levels of third party intervention partially explain this relationship. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the theory of frame alignment developed by Snow et. al. (1986), this paper is an analysis of the necessity of particular frames for each side of a conflict. James Aho's (1994) This Thing of Darkness: A Sociology of the Enemy is also discussed. In his book, Aho describes a theory of the reification of enemies. Aho argues that the enemy is a social construction born out of the necessity to expunge ourselves of refuse that we can project on others. With this understanding it is feasible to imagine that there is the possibility of deconstructing the enemy. Second, this paper examines the reification process in the pro-war speeches such as the State of the Union Address given by George W. Bush on January 28, 2003 and the Remarks by Colin Powell to the United Nations Security Council on February 5, 2003. Next, the paper examines the reification process in the speeches of anti-war groups referring to George W. Bush. From the frames used by each party there is a strong sense of the reification of the opposition as the enemy. The discussion includes suggestions toward the next step of deconstructing the enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the "stop snitching" phenomenon in relation to teenagers and schooling. It shows evidence of a code against sharing information with formal authorities among students at two low income schools: a predominately black, urban school and a predominately white, rural school. Using Bourdieu's concept of habitus, the analysis demonstrates how anti-snitching is woven into the social fabric of these communities, prompting student ambivalence toward school-sanctioned methods of conflict resolution. The findings highlight the broad reach of the anti-snitching phenomenon, situating this mentality as the result of community-based distrust of formal authority. The paper assesses implications of anti-snitching for school discipline and climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores today's Mapuche social movement in Chile, addressing the role of different media technologies in the constitution of the Mapuche movement. The analysis emphasizes the process of mediation, exploring the interactions between symbolic forms, forms of organization and mechanisms of archival and transmission (following Regis Debray's mediological approach). It is precisely in the interstices between these symbolic forms, organizational structures and technologies that the Mapuche discourse is constructed. The paper explores the process of mediation in the case of Mapuche radio, through the analysis of the radio program Wixage Anai (which means 'Awake and Raise' in the native Mapuche language, Mapudungun). This case study is analyzed in terms of the notions of time, memory, ritual and collective identity involved in the process of mediation. The analysis of radio transmissions underscores the process of secondary orality, and notions of time and memory in the revival of native languages. This mediation process needs to be understood in relation to a broader media sphere, where Mapuche websites plays an important role. Internet allows a deterritorialization of the Mapuche identity, establishing connections with other indigenous communities (inside and outside Latin America), creating a fluid, malleable and situational collective identity. The final result of these mediation processes is a multi-layered Mapuche discourse, articulated through the differences and connections between the production of radio content and online information; differences in terms of language, technologies, and audience composition - in terms of geographical location, class, gender and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergenerational programs are proliferating. The basic assumption is that pairing older and younger people in various activities and contexts such as educational programs will produce positive developmental benefits for all participants. Developmental theories in this area need to address more directly the potential of intergenerational relationships, and the impacts of intergenerational programs for both young and adult groups. The goal of this paper is to exam the effects of the instructional program on both traditional and non-traditional students with regards to their personal conflict resolution ability, scientific understanding and level of knowledge, and their social responsibility attitude. Participants are both traditional and non-traditional students at the University of Valencia, Spain. The main objective of this program is to encourage contact between generations, in particular between young and older adult students. Older adult students share with younger students the instruction and academic activities. The effects of the educational experiences with regards to the ability to improve personal conflict resolution and resolve personal problems seems to be higher for traditional adolescent students. On the other hand, non-traditional older adults students seem to do equal or even better than younger students with respect to their acquisition of scientific knowledge and their level of social responsibility. Although these initial group differences are only indicative they are in the expected direction indicating that social integration would be more relevant for older adults and that younger adults seem to focus more on strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines (1) what areas of conflicts gay and lesbian partners have; (2) how gay and lesbian partners resolve their conflicts; and (3) how power structure affects their conflict resolution styles; and (4) how their conflict resolution styles affect their relationship satisfaction. There were 75 gay and 143 lesbian subjects participating in this study. The findings indicate that relative power (age and income differences) were only associated with conflict engagement strategies. Among different types of affective resources, the level of trust toward partners has been found as a crucial factor in explaining the strategies used to resolve conflict. Generally speaking, the effects of alternative attraction and relationship rewards were not associated with conflict resolution styles. Conflict engagement and comforting strategies were found to be linked to relationship satisfaction. This study provides evidence that affective resources and conflict resolution styles are important factors in predicting the relationship satisfaction of gay and lesbian partners in Taiwan. More importantly, trust is a crucial factor associated with both conflict resolution styles and relationship satisfaction. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the structure and culture of the homecare industry affects workplace dispute resolution behavior. Rather than tolerating problems, raising formal grievances, or exiting to avoid disputes - as do workers in other industries - the homecare workers resolved their disputes informally. This specific behavior is homecare workers' main dispute resolution strategy because homecare involves caring for vulnerable clients who would be negatively affected by some disputing strategies - particularly exiting and formal grievances. Managers and employees both work to avoid these disruptions, thereby limiting the dispute resolution options available to workers. Additionally, the culture of the industry allows for sufficiently successful informal dispute resolution so that quiet toleration of disputes is not necessary. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While knowledge transfer has been shown to affect organizational performance, little is known about the processes of knowledge exchange between organizational agents. We propose that combination of various modes of exchange and degree of tie strength produce at least five different configurations: neo-classical exchange, local search, embeddedness, community exchange, and performative ties. Using an agent-based simulation of problem solving in an organizational setting that involves knowledge exchange, we find that embeddedness and community exchange provide results that are superior to neo-classical exchange. Performative ties, however, outperform both, even if just a minority of the organizational agents is able to extend such ties. In addition, we find that the marginal returns on performative ties are greatest when such ties are relatively rare, suggesting that the cost associated with encouraging them can be minimized with little in adverse effects. We conclude by discussing managerial implications for team setup and facilitation of knowledge transfer. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the various strategies used by the OCM, an organization representing approximately one third of California's non-nurse midwives, to manage internal conflict over issues of professionalization using Anne Witz's (1992) gendered rethinking of social closure theory. Witz (1992) views professionalization projects as products of the strategic use of occupational closure, focusing in particular on the material strategies used during professional struggles both internally and with competing professions and the state. Both revolutionary and accommodative exclusionary strategies, as defined by Witz, are used by the organization to cope with internal strife over whether or not to engage in a professionalization project and how to go about doing so. Using this theoretical framework, I conclude that the strategies used by the OCM to manage intra-occupational conflict have hindered progress towards successfully professionalizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an historical analysis based on archival and interview data, I investigate the Old Town School of Folk Music as a tradition-bearing organization. Traditions change, leading to conflict and tension. In order to maintain their status as custodians of tradition, tradition-bearing organizations must manage conflict while also dealing with more mundane issues such as financial stability. My findings suggest that one way tradition-bearing organizations deal with such issues is to establish themselves as the embodiment of tradition, thereby imbuing themselves with the authority to mold the tradition they bear to reduce conflict and ensure organizational survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide a framework for a review of the research on problem solving and creativity by individuals and groups, we first outline two perspectives which can be used to identify some common themes: Parsonsian functional analysis and levels of creativity. We review research on individuals and groups, including "virtual" groups using computers or audio visual communication, and of smaller groups and larger groups. With a focus on creativity, we review recent research on the creative individual, individual creative problem solving, stimulants to individual and group creativity, and for an upbeat ending, describe jazz quartets as an example of group creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and how will third parties intervene in the conflicts of others? When will third parties further violence and when will they foster peace? These are questions addressed by Black?s (1993: Chap. 7) theory of the third party. We conduct the first systematic test of the theory, drawing on quantitative and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 100 men imprisoned for assault or homicide. Specifically, we test Cooney?s (1998: chap. 4) elaboration of Black?s theory which argues that: (1) the social location of a third party (based on ties to the principals) predicts whether he/she acts as a partisan, a peacemaker, or remains uninvolved; (2) the third-party structure of a conflict (based on the general configuration of all the third parties who are present) predicts whether the conflict escalates to violence. Our results confirm most of the theoretical predictions regarding both third-party behavior and violence. Our discussion also extends the theoretical model, offering new concepts and suggesting how the model can be applied to a range of subjects, such as international war, terrorism, and the long-term historical decline of interpersonal violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a longitudinal study of 12 Israeli and Palestinian peace-building organizations during times of relative peace and times of acute violence (1993-2008). The study examines how non-governmental peace-building initiatives face challenges as they try to adapt to radically changing environments and why some are able to adapt and survive while others are not. My results show that when the environment became more tumultuous and hostile, the effectiveness and even survival of these organizations depended to a significant degree on the ability of the organizations to manage the power asymmetry between Israelis and Palestinians. Organizations which failed to deal effectively with issues of equality, and with the needs and desires of both sides, ended up struggling to maintain commitment or were consumed in conflict. This study, which involved fieldwork, participant observation, and interviews with Palestinian and Israeli peace-builders prior to, during, and post-the 2nd Intifada, is in many ways a natural experiment of peace-building organizations operating in radically different contexts. Involving various fields, this research contributes to the broad fields of peace studies, conflict resolution, and organization studies. Practically speaking, this study also has political import as it suggests ways to strengthen and sustain peace-building efforts in different contexts and strengthen peace-building's symbolic, cultural, and political worth and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specifics of negotiation as a conflict resolution method is analyzed in this paper. Various negotiation types and functions are outlined as well as sociocultural factors (tolerance degree, social structure model, national and ethnic factors, cultural development level, social distance, status/role inequality and power difference). In addition, major negotiation stages and the possibility of third-party intervention are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network researchers have long recognized the importance of accounting for the effects of dynamics on network structure. However, until relatively recently, large-scale dynamic data were difficult to collect and analyze. Recent improvements in the availability of these data, particularly from automated data collection, have resulted in increased scholarly interest in dynamic network analysis. With these new sources of data, researchers can re-examine many traditional network concepts which were originally motivated by dynamic processes. In this paper we re-explore the concept of brokerage in social networks. Brokerage occurs when one acts as an intermediary between two others who themselves lack a direct connection. We elaborate on the concept of brokerage as a process, and extend traditional measures of brokerage to the dynamic case by developing a measure of dynamic brokerage. Additionally, we provide an application of this new measure to a case study involving collaboration among organizations in an evolving network. Our research suggests substantial differences in brokerage opportunities when comparing the traditional case to the dynamic one. This research adds to the growing set of social network methods that can be applied to dynamic structures. Implications of this research for investigations of brokerage activity are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mediators have the institutional authority to facilitate mediation sessions, their success in doing so requires the cooperation of the disputants. Disputants may, by obvious or subtle means, work to subvert or redirect the mediation session and focus on issues which benefit themselves rather than supporting the neutral approach to discussing issues the mediators work to produce. In this paper we use conversation analysis to explore the nature of power in mediation, by conducting a single case analysis of a mediation session in which a disputant used various interactional strategies to attempt to subvert the mediators' control the session. These strategies include attempts to refocus topics of discussion, to unbalance the participation of the disputants by dominating the conversation, and to put their own "spin" or perspective on topics of discussion which the mediators introduced in a neutral, balanced fashion. In short, an interactionally skillful disputant can manipulate the interactional organization of mediation in order to facilitate or detract from mediators' attempts to create a fair, balanced hearing with equal participation for both parties. We will discuss the theoretical implications of this analysis for understanding the interactional nature of power and authority in alternative dispute resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research builds on interactional research on conflict, complaints, and membership categories by studying the management of incipient conflicts, drawing on video-recordings of co-present hobbyist "wargame" interactions. By wargames, I mean tabletop board games that simulate historical or fictional war or conflict scenarios; these are often long, typically zero-sum, and involve multi-factional and shifting alliances and conflicts. Notably, when sitting down to play a wargame, or any board game, players assume at least two roles: one as a player of a game, and one as a character within the game. The game is a recurrent basis for incipient conflicts between players, despite norms about the ontological separation between players and their respective characters. These incipient conflicts become observable through players displaying frustration or displeasure (cf. Yu 2011) with another player, or through complaints. My analysis shows how the institutional context of the game constitutes an interactional resource for avoiding or managing incipient conflict by referring to its characteristics or by deploying aspects of procedure. Second, this research expands on existing research on the ways that complaints and conflict can display orientations to the consequentiality of particular categories. This becomes especially clear as it relates to players' orientation to and deployment of the norms as a resource (cf. Wieder 1974) for confining allowable conflicts to those between characters in the game, and for sanctioning players who initiate conflicts with other players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze how marginalized men's coparenting experiences shaped their. Background: Qualitative studies of RF programs reveal how participation influences men's views of themselves as fathers, but less is known about how they think of themselves as partners and coparents. Though previous research has found that RF programs shape men's fathering identities to support greater paternal involvement, men cite strained coparenting relationships as a barrier to the level of involvement they desire. Method: In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a nonrandom sample of 64 low-income fathers of color who participated in a federally funded RF program. Inductive coding techniques were employed to identify how men utilized the program to manage complex and conflicted coparenting arrangements to gain greater access to their children. Results: The program helped fathers manage common coparenting challenges, including interpersonal conflict, mothers' gatekeeping, and financial obstacles. They found support for forming closer relationships with children outside "package deal" understandings of fathering and for proving their paternal commitments amid severe economic constraints. Conclusion: Fathers enrolled in an RF program largely due to conflicted coparenting relationships exacerbated by poverty, unemployment, and homelessness. Program services helped them navigate the challenges of raising children with partners, exes, or coparents with whom there was never a romantic connection. Implications: These findings reinforce the importance of addressing coparenting, but not marriage, in RF programming. Messages and services should align with how fathers prioritize bonds with children and seek to prove their paternal commitments to coparents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past analysis has focused on understanding why two groups come into conflict with one another from both a structural and socio-psychological perspective (Papacristos 2009; Sherif et. al 1954), and when one member will participate in an act of individual violence on behalf of the group (Gould 1999). This article demonstrates that theories of labor specialization can predict who takes on a group's violent responsibilities. A highly structured, well-documented, and frequently occurring social situation is used to examine the question of who assumes the role of violence in a group: fist-fighting in North American ice hockey leagues. My analysis empirically demonstrates the importance of two sets of skills, their tendency to be inversely correlated with each other, and the tendency of individuals to increasingly focus on one skill or the other over the career course. The analysis corroborates journalistic evidence of an informal group of players, "enforcers," who tend to participate in a disproportionate amount of fighting. The analysis suggests that those who fight frequently do so as a means to both compensate for a lack of other skills while continuing to advance their career, and that organizations that need to perform at a higher level tend to funnel people into more specialized roles. While theories of intergroup conflict may predict why groups fight, theories of labor specialization explain how that violence is distributed across members of the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature is seeking to understand childbearing behavior from a couple's perspective. Accumulating evidence suggests that the fertility-education relationship for women depends on the partner's education, and vice versa. Specifically, recent evidence suggests that couples with two highly educated partners may have higher second or third birth hazards than couples with only one highly educated partner or two lower educated partners. Yet, this evidence is largely descriptive, and not much is known about the underlying mechanisms of why the educational pairings of the partners may be meaningful for their childbearing behavior. Our study aims at investigating these underlying mechanisms. We use a new and innovative panel study from Germany, the Pairfam, to test several mechanisms which may be driving these differences in childbearing behavior between couples of varying educational pairings. We specifically focus on differences between highly educated homogamous and other couples with one highly educated partner only. We look at differences in the division of housework, his and her values about gender and family, and how well the partners are matched on them, perceived conflict and conflict resolution strategies, and whether there are differences in how well the partners are matched on fertility preferences across educational pairings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resident-government conflict of interest in different forms have been growing fierce in tourism development areas in China nowadays. Based on the conflict and justice theory, this research established cooperative behavior intention model of the resident-government conflict of interest management. This research collected data from tourism areas in Hunan, China, and verified with AMOS software the relationship among the independent variable (resident's pro-social orientation), the mediator variable (resident perceived justice of local tourism development), and the dependent variable (resident's intention to cooperate with government in conflict-handling). The research found that the residents' perceived interest distribution justice and procedure justice of local tourism development will not only positively influence the residents' conflict-handling intention to cooperate with government, but also mediated the influence of resident's pro-social orientation on their conflict-handling intention to cooperate with the government. The study shows that it's the procedural justice and procedural implementation justice rather than economic means significantly provoked the resident's conflict-handling intention to cooperate positively with the government. This research enriched the theory of sustainable tourism development and conflict management in different social stratum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of social movements has grown remarkably in the last three decades yet still displays the biases that shaped its emergence - an orientation toward a 1960s image of contention and the dynamics of Western style reform movements. We see a glaring omission when it comes to a highly consequential form of contention outside the democratic West: grassroots movements designed to block large infrastructure projects in the developing world. In addition, our understanding of social movement dynamics is limited due to an overemphasis on instances of successful mobilization. Studying community responses to infrastructure projects allows us to shift the phenomenon of interest from successful social movements to "mobilization attempts" or "communities at risk of mobilization." To transcend these limitations of traditional social movement research, we undertook a comparative case analysis of mobilization efforts against 11 oil and gas pipeline projects spanning 16 countries in the developing world. Using the technique of fuzzy set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis, we examined causal recipes of both institutional and contentious mobilization against these projects. Our most theoretically compelling set of findings involved the causal conditions related to threat and political opportunity. Threat figured into our account of conflict mainly as a sufficient condition, i.e., it served as the spark that ignited conflict. At the same time, this shared sense of threat is mediated by opportunity. In essence, no matter what the level of threat, it is difficult for opponents to mobilize if not given an opportunity to do so. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary literature is unclear in how high performance work settings will affect employees' ability to balance the work and family spheres. To date, no study has used a nationally representative sample to test the effects of these practices on perceptions of work-family conflict. Using the General Social Survey's "Quality of Working Life" module (2002, 2006), I examine the effects of increasingly common high performance work practices, in the form of heightened worker discretion, autonomy, and pressure to continuously learn skills, on employees' perceptions of work-family conflict. I also include an index designed to capture the effect of a high performance work environment. In addition, I test for gender differences in the effects of work practices on perceptions of conflict. My findings show that autonomy lowers the likelihood of work to family conflict, whereas being required to learn new job skills raises it. Moreover, participating in how work is carried out may have the undesired effect of raising perceptions of conflict. Surprisingly the effects of work practices on work-family conflict do not appear to differ by gender. My results suggest that work practices play an important role in perceptions of work-family conflict, and that in an era of workplace innovation, this connection deserves further attention. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to understand 1) how school faculty and staff conceptualize bullying and "normal" conflicts, 2) the theoretical frameworks upon which these conceptions are based, 3) bullying and conflict intervention strategies used by school faculty and staff and 4) the ways these strategies account for power. Specifically, I investigate how faculty and staff at an elementary school perceive conflict and bullying incidents that reflect differential social status positions (e.g., sexist or homophobic teasing), how these faculty and staff interpret and respond to such occurrences and how their perceptions and actions reflect an awareness (or lack of awareness) of the role social power and cultural capital play in bullying/conflicts and intervention efforts. Current approaches to bullying and conflict are found to obscure ways in which power (i.e., social power rather than psychological or physical power) is salient to conflicts and to intervention strategies. During interviews staff demonstrate a common assumption that developmental or psychological problems cause children to be involved in conflicts and bullying. Furthermore, analysis of staff members' descriptions of their intervention strategies show they rely on conflict resolution techniques derived from psychological frameworks that presume children enter a conflict on an equal playing field. This study provides justification for further investigation of how current approaches to bullying and conflict may obscure or even reproduce children's unequal access to social power and strongly suggests that adding a sociological perspective to the current psychological perspective might account for and remediate (rather than reproduce) power differentials between children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United States Institute of Peace Presenter: John T. Crist, U.S. Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036-3011; phone: (202) 429-3897; fax: (202) 833-1381; e-mail: John.crist@usip.org; homepage: http://www.usip.org/. The U.S. Institute of Peace is an independent, nonpartisan institution created by Congress to strengthen the nation's capacity to promote the peaceful resolution of international conflict. Through fellowships and grants, the Institute funds projects related to preventive diplomacy, responses to terrorism and political violence, ethnic and regional conflicts, peacekeeping and peace operations, peace settlements, post-war reconstruction and reconciliation, democratization and the rule of law, cross-cultural negotiations, strategic nonviolent conflict, U.S. foreign policy in the 21st century, and related topics. The Jennings Randolph Fellowship Program annually awards scholars and practitioners (including college and university faculty, journalists, diplomats, writers, educators, military officers, international negotiators and lawyers) who conduct their research and writing at the Institute's offices in Washington for periods of up to ten months. Dissertation fellowships are also available to doctoral candidates for field research and writing. Through its solicited and unsolicited competition, the Grant Program offers financial support for research, education and training, and the dissemination of information on international peace and conflict resolution. Grant recipients conduct their research and writing at home institutions or other appropriate sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unfortunately since the launch of the Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, conflict resolution debates have been concentrated on Iraq at the expense of other conflicts in the World, such us the conflict in Darfur. Darfur is a buffer zone between Sudan and Chad, and conflict in the region can be traced back to the rise of rebellions in 2003. This article attempts to explain how and why the conflict emerged with reference to regional political dynamics, economic factors and international influences. This article first provides demographic data on both Sudan and Chad and elaborates on their historical developments in a comparative perspective. Then in the second section, the rebellion in Darfur and its transformation into an intra-state war between Sudan and Chad is explained with reference to action taken by international community to end this conflict. Afterwards, the third section elaborates on possible reasons for the conflict and attempts to formulate a theoretical framework to explain the conflict and to outline possible action plans to re-establish peace in the region. And lastly potential strategies to deliver peace are elaborated upon with emphasize on possibilities and limitations such as: US policies, their limitations due to the outcomes of the war on Iraq, and the empowerment of regional and international organizations which are already working on providing humanitarian aid despite their limited resources. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neoinstitutional world polity perspective has been criticized for its apparent lack of an account of conflict. Critics assert that the world polity perspective therefore is more of an apologist's account of globalization than an analytical approach. We argue to the contrary that the neoinstitutional perspective and its explanatory models suggest a number of very important, but previously neglected areas of research of in the field of conflict studies. As examples we discuss the regulation of conflict as well as the genesis of new conflict dynamics. The legitimacy of conflict resolution mechanisms at the global level has led to increasingly isomorphic regulations of conflict. On the other hand, the universalism of globally diffused concepts such as human rights has led to the rise of new types of actors as well as to new conflict dynamics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article appearing in the Journal of Conflict Resolution, Brian Burgoon demonstrated that a nation's social welfare policies can provide a partial "inoculation" against transnational terrorism, presumably by alleviating economic inequalities, poverty, and other economic grievances. Taking issue with some of Burgoon's methodological procedures and conclusions, we replicate his work and provide caveats related to his formulation of the dependent variable, his use of some predictors, and his conclusions concerning total (non-differentiated) transnational terrorism. We find his focus on "root causes" (i.e., economic inequalities and poverty) misplaced, and demonstrate that his findings hold only for Leftist terrorism. Identity, or religious, terrorism, is not influences by a society's social policies, although terrorism is apparently shaped by militarization regardless of ideology. We conclude by speculating on the ideational nature of terrorism and how this frustrates attempts to find "objective" or material causes for clandestine violence. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Develops a theoretical framework for conflict transformation inspired by Aristotle, Simmel, and a multi-dimensional conception of conflict as a natural part of human life, applying it to Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian Freedom Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript examines spectacles as entities in themselves, their analytical advantages over frame analysis, and as tools of social movements through case studies of spectacles developed around nonhuman animals. Providing an overview of concepts of the spectacular and grounding those analyses around one substantive sample universe will provide a platform for producing a systematic typology and a "middle range" (Merton, 1968) theoretical overview of spectacles. A sociological understanding of spectacles is proposed as a means of considering mediated phenomena that transcends frame analysis. Spectacles generated around nonhuman animals, including those generated by animal advocates, provide an excellent case study within which to examine the strategic use of the spectacular because animal advocates have previously utilized utilizing scientific evidence and visual claims in its claimsmaking, made efforts at moralization, and the efforts of animal advocates in spectacle generation and reception exemplify many of the dynamics inherent in spectacle production and dissemination. The cases of controversies over foie gras production, the protest at the head injury laboratory of Thomas Gennarelli at the University of Pennsylvania, the mediated protest in the Antarctic Ocean over Japanese whaling, and a campaign of covert filmmaking at fur farms by Rod Coronado are examples of how spectacle generation is both a strategy and tactic of animal advocacy. The tactics and strategic goals involved in spectacle generation are considered in tandem with the social, political, and cultural conditions within which these cases appeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a report of a 10 year longitudinal study of all the major peace-building initiatives with an educational encounter-based approach in Israel and Palestine during both times of relative peace and times of acute violence (1997-2007). It examines how non-governmental peace-building initiatives adapt to radically changing environments, the challenges they face, and why some are able to adapt and survive while others do not. This study, which involved fieldwork, participant observation, and interviews with Palestinian and Israeli peace-builders prior to, during, and post-the 2nd Intifada, is in many ways a natural experiment of peace-building organizations operating in radically different contexts. Involving various fields, this research contributes to the broad fields of conflict resolution, peace studies, and organization studies. It offers critical insight into how organizations (and organizational fields) adapt in radically changing environments, what is problematic, what are their possibilities, and what allows some to survive while others do not. Empirically, this longitudinal study of peace-building in the Israeli-Palestinian context, which includes research pre, para, and post Second Intifada (1997 - 2007), also serves as a historical record. Practically speaking, this study also has political import as it suggests ways to strengthen and sustain peace-building efforts in different contexts and strengthen peace-building's symbolic, cultural, and political worth and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to earlier in the pandemic, now, net of other demographic factors, formal education acts as a preventative factor in the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, but there has been almost no research on the causal factor behind the widely reported education effects. Two assumed educational mechanisms of information-transfer and attitude change on the use of condoms for adults with multiple sexual partners are tested. Finding only weak evidence in support of these mechanisms, a new hypothesis about how education enhances health reasoning is developed and tested. Structural equation modeling of the influence of education attainment on condom use and its mediation by basic facts, attitudes, and health reasoning are estimated with Demographic Health Survey data from SSA nine nations collected between 2003-2005 finds that net of control variables, there is a robust, positive significant influence of education on condom use among sexually risky adults. Although formal education increases acquisition of basic facts and the inculcation of positive attitudes, these commonly assumed effects of formal education have only weak influence on condom use. Instead, education robustly influences health reasoning ability and this factor mediates a significant proportion of the education effect on condom use. Future research on the causal mechanism behind the association between education and HIV/ AIDS prevention should focus on the health reasoning enhancement of attending school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate between scholars and policy makers over the salience of internal or external factors in initiating and sustaining outward flows of forced migrants is one with important implications at both the policy and humanitarian levels. The proposed study seeks to address this question by examining a cross-national dataset of 148 countries over 5 time periods covering the years 1990-2008. Using random effects regression models, political, economic, and social variables reflecting both internal and external elements will be examined to determine the extent to which these affect outward flows of refugees across countries of origin. It is anticipated that a number of variables from each side of the debate will have significant effects on refugee flows and that the internal variables will demonstrate mediation between external variables and refugee movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]