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Literature researching the drivers of highly skilled migration (HSM) often prioritizes labor market returns to education and downscales the importance of public welfare. This paper develops an innovative empirical strategy that allows us to see how a selection of pull factors attracts temporary and long-term educated migrants in Europe. To do so, we built a unique longitudinal contextual dataset merging information from the European Labor Force Survey (2000-2014) with selected Eurostat and OECD country indicators. Country fixed effect time series allow us to concentrate on cross-country effects. Our evidence suggests that returns to education attract temporary HSM and long term stayers equally. However, it is also shown that public welfare and taxation operate differently for these two groups and do not deter long-term residents. Our paper proposes revisiting the assumption that HSMs are mere income maximizers. As we argue, long term HSM may well be attracted by generous welfare setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on Eastern European immigrants and their functioning is quite limited. Some research has been conducted on Eastern European (EE) immigrants and their adaptation in the United States. However, there is a lack of information about the Eastern European immigration at a global level. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the patterns of EE immigration around the world. Since Eastern European's main destination areas for immigration are North America and Western Europe, the focus of the paper is on these two areas. However, immigration patterns to Asia, Africa, Australia and South America are also discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper comparatively examines social-science studies of immigration and ethnicity in Europe and the United States. The European countries included in this assessment are Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy (the selection based on the author’s familiarity with the literature of the subject in these countries). Considered in the comparison are three aspects of immigration studies: (1) research agendas (and non-agendas); (2) most common explanatory strategies; and (3) most common (if any) interdisciplinary collaborations. Each of these issues is examined in the context of the actual "immigrant situation" (sociodemographics, ethnoreligious composition, economic position, and political status of immigrants, and immigration politics and the civic-political climate of their reception) in the compared countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of immigration policy, and especially those that theorize or explain the making and style of immigration policy, focus on Europe and North America. Is such regionalism justified, and is East Asia really so different? We examine a particular type of immigration policy: whether or not —despite global norms against ethnic discrimination--a state gives preference for return migrants who are ethnically similar but are citizens of another state. We also examine related preferences for co-ethnic foreigners. This topic has gained interest from scholars for its centrality in debates on nationhood and trans-nationality. We focus on four East Asian states (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China). We find that preferential ethnic return policy exists or has existed in both regions despite global nondiscrimination norms. However, we argue there are also some important regional variations. These include, first, a trend away from ethnic return preference in Western Europe though it is still found in Eastern Europe and East Asia. Second, Asian co-ethnic preferences are used instrumentally, for economic goals, at little cost to the state, and include preferences for skilled co-ethnics and co-ethnic investors. Eastern and Western Europeans discriminate in favor of co-ethnics to protect them or express symbolic ties, sometimes at great expense. The regional comparison exposes an apparent lack of economic rationality to European preferences, at least as compared to those in Asia, and points to future research to address causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent immigration from the Caribbean, Africa and Europe has been overshadowed by immigration from Asia and Latin America, but these newcomers are of particular theoretical importance because they represent the immigrant analogs of the two most disparate and diametrically opposed American racial groups?Black and White Americans. This study employs data from the Current Population Survey (1996-2002) to compare patterns of educational and occupational achievement and mobility among Black and White immigrants. It is found that while the adult children of immigrants, irrespective of race, are doing significantly better than the immigrants themselves, racial disparities do exist. Upward mobility is, on some measures, more pronounced in the White immigrant population. While Black and White immigrants are practically identical in terms of educational attainment, the adult children of White immigrants have completed, on average, more years of education and are significantly more likely to have graduated high school than their Black counterparts. Patterns of occupational mobility seem to favor Black immigrants?particularly second generation Black women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African migrants to Europe are often portrayed as fleeing poverty, but research has also posited that inequality is a determinant of migration. Using data from the Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) study, this paper investigates the extent to which relative deprivation is a motivation for migration between Senegal and Europe. I hypothesize that different stages in the process of cumulative causation of migration are associated with different motivations for migration. I estimate a household-level model that measures both cross-sectional household wealth and relative deprivation, and use instrumental variable techniques to estimate counterfactual household wealth and relative deprivation at an earlier stage in the process of cumulative causation. I find support for the hypothesis that relative deprivation is a potential motivation for migration in a counterfactual world prior to migration, and that migrant households are significantly wealthier than non-migrant households at the observed end point of the process of cumulative causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An impressive literature interrogates the outcome of intergroup interactions, particularly within the contexts of voluntary associations and neighborhoods. However, the results of these studies are inconclusive. Some studies find that interactions between diverse groups exacerbate existing biases, while others find it leads to the mitigation of prejudices. I seek to insert the workplace in the discussion, arguing that it is another site where interactions between diverse groups occur. Little is known about immigrant-generated diversity, outcomes of workplace diversity in Europe, and if workplace diversity influences wider society. I seek to fill these gaps by testing the effect of having immigrant colleagues on attitudes towards immigrants in Europe. Additionally, I test this effect across socio-economic lines and if the respondent has immigrant friends. Using a series of multilevel models, I find that people with immigrant colleagues have significantly more positive attitudes toward immigrants than those without. Furthermore, this effect is most beneficial for those of lower socioeconomic status and those without immigrant friends. My results confirm the predictions of contact theory and underscore the importance of identifying new sites that produce intergroup interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are Muslim immigrants in Europe perceived as contentious while Latino immigrants in the United States are often perceived as passive? What explains these different perceptions? This project uses surveys and multi-sited ethnography to study the avenues for political voice and integration of immigrants. It takes into account the role of the sending community in individual meaning-making as well as the socialization and institutional practices of the receiving community. The transnational circuit of Mexico-New York is compared with those of Algeria-Paris, and Morocco-Barcelona. The results point to the importance of the state in creating perceptions of belonging and exclusion and how they get translated into different forms of contentious politics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blalock (1967) proposes that a large minority population and poor economic conditions drive anti-minority attitudes. However, individuals frequently perceive minority population sizes as much larger than in reality. As a result, these groups appear more numerically threatening in the minds of individuals than is suggested by actual census data. To date, little is understood about the consequences of this phenomenon, known as innumeracy. Drawing from the multi-nation European Social Survey from 2002, I explore the relationship between innumeracy and anti-immigrant attitudes and attempt to explain the association statistically with both cognitive and emotional factors. I also explore the effects of economic pessimism; a perception that has been neglected in the literature. Findings indicate consequences for both innumeracy and economic pessimism. I also find that emotional causes are paramount in driving the consequences of both innumeracy and economic pessimism. However, contrary to existing results, direct innumeracy effects predicting exclusionism remain after controlling for both cognitive and emotional factors, suggesting that innumeracy may be more consequential than initially thought. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent qualitative research reports significant cross-national variation in the boundaries used by dominant groups to construct notions of "us" and "them." Because these studies compare only two or three Western countries, however, the macro-level factors whereby certain boundaries become "bright" while others are "blurred" remain poorly understood. This article provides the first ever panorama of these processes by comparing the configuration of boundaries against immigrants in twenty-one European countries. Fuzzy-set analyses of data from the 2003 European Social Survey reveal three common "boundary configurations" at the country level. The Ascriptive-Pragmatic configuration emphasizes race, religion, and human capital boundaries but not language and culture. The Culturo-Assimilationist configuration emphasizes language and culture but not race or religion. The Christian-Accommodationist configuration emphasizes only religious boundaries. The results suggest that previous research has vastly overestimated the extent of variation between Western countries and overlooked more striking contrast across understudied countries in Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe. The article concludes by generating hypotheses about this newfound variation using group threat theory, country-level data from quantitative and qualitative sources, and novel measures of "fuzzy consistency." ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the variations in Islamic faith and practice among adult male Muslim immigrants in Europe (192 cases from 21 countries), drawing on the European Social Survey conducted in 2002/2003, and those in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (149 cases), drawing on the Social Survey of Muslim Population in Japan conducted in 2005 and 2006 by Waseda University (PI: Hirofumi TANADA). The results of logit analyses show that there are similarities and differences in the religious practices between Muslim immigrants in Japan and Europe. Some seems to be related to social integration and the exposure to fundamentalism in home or host countries. They seem to be also related to time availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]