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This paper focuses on two ways that are frequently suggested for furthering climate negotiations. First, many paths to achieve the same goal is often forwarded as a crucial element of future architecture agreements within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The idea of many paths implies that several mechanisms, institutions and agreements are required to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The many paths is likely to involve climate action at various levels such as global, regional, national and local and will necessary require coordination of the potential vertical synergies. Second, both scholars and policy-makers increasingly emphasize potential synergies between climate change and world trade and argues that a closer inter-linkage is needed to fulfill the goals of the respective regimes. The paper analyses potential conflicts and convergences when these two approaches to reach international climate objectives meet. It studies how the synergies between climate and trade can affect the use of measures at other scales than the global, in particular climate policy at municipal level. This is done by comparing the major issues of trade and climate interaction with examples from the measures used in municipal climate strategies; in our case from Stockholm, Sweden. It also explores the possible future consequences of a higher degree of harmonization between climate and trade policy multilaterally for municipal climate action. We also suggest a set of research questions to further study the practical implications of a higher degree of interaction between the two regimes as well as an empirical study of how such linkages are made in international, national and local climate policy. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many observers have hailed the entry into force of the 'Kyoto Protocol' to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2005 as a landmark achievement in combating global climate change. However, this treaty is but a first step, and its core commitments will expire in 2012. Even full compliance with the Kyoto agreement will not prevent 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system' - the overall objective of the climate convention. This situation has led to wide-ranging debates among policy-makers, academics and environmentalists on the future of climate governance after 2012. This quest of finding stable, effective and equitable solutions for long-term climate governance stands at the centre of this chapter. It has also been the focus of the comprehensive research programme that is reported here: the research group 'Post-2012 Climate Governance' of the EU Integrated Project 'Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies' (ADAM). ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tackling climate change is increasingly recognized as a policy challenge of utter importance. One of the most interesting and innovative building blocks in the Kyoto Protocol climate regime is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Since its inception, this so-called flexible mechanism has evolved into a volatile and booming market for the first internationally traded commodity created by an international environmental agreement, certified emission reduc-tions (CERs). During the process of market establishment and its functioning, private actors such as companies, project verifiers, carbon funds and CER traders have become leading actors in the global CDM market. Although the market continues to be intimately policy dependent as demand derives from the stringency of emission allocations and future nation state commitments for greenhouse gas reductions, this article investigates the transformation of a market that has been initiated by public actors, kick-started by public-private partnerships (PPPs) and that has evolved into a market in which governments are withdrawing and private actors are increasingly taking up their governance function. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventionally understood mode of global environmental governanceâ€"universal, interstate, multilateral negotiations quintessentially represented by the 1997 Kyoto Protocolâ€"has essentially been stymied in climate change by the yawning gulfs that exist between the negotiating positions of major states. Yet stalemate at the state-centric level is not equivalent to the lack or demise of global governance of climate change. On the contrary, we are currently witnessing the emergence of multiple governance experiments at multiple levels of political organization (e.g. carbon offsetting, local governmental initiatives, regional initiatives, and carbon trading). This paper examines how the emergence of these governance experiments constrains and shapes the global response to climate change. It analyzes the politics of these experiments through the lenses of complex adaptive systems and social constructivism and examines how the experiments present both opportunities and obstacles for coherent and effective climate governance. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]