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This paper focuses on two ways that are frequently suggested for furthering climate negotiations. First, many paths to achieve the same goal is often forwarded as a crucial element of future architecture agreements within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The idea of many paths implies that several mechanisms, institutions and agreements are required to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The many paths is likely to involve climate action at various levels such as global, regional, national and local and will necessary require coordination of the potential vertical synergies. Second, both scholars and policy-makers increasingly emphasize potential synergies between climate change and world trade and argues that a closer inter-linkage is needed to fulfill the goals of the respective regimes. The paper analyses potential conflicts and convergences when these two approaches to reach international climate objectives meet. It studies how the synergies between climate and trade can affect the use of measures at other scales than the global, in particular climate policy at municipal level. This is done by comparing the major issues of trade and climate interaction with examples from the measures used in municipal climate strategies; in our case from Stockholm, Sweden. It also explores the possible future consequences of a higher degree of harmonization between climate and trade policy multilaterally for municipal climate action. We also suggest a set of research questions to further study the practical implications of a higher degree of interaction between the two regimes as well as an empirical study of how such linkages are made in international, national and local climate policy. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a draft of a chapter that will be included in the forthcoming edited volume entitled, "The Social Construction of Climate Change." The chapters in the volume present a number of potentially fruitful avenues for analyzing the "social construction of climate change." This paper focuses on the early framing of climate change as a political problem at the international level and the associated normative debates that emerged related to how states should respond to the threat. It then evaluates how the international framing of the problem and the normative debates were translated into the domestic political processes of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The early domestic framing of the problem had profound effects on the political debates in all three countries and played a major role in shaping the degree to which emergent international norms were translated into the domestic policy debates. The paper seeks to explain how and why the political framing of climate change evolved at the international and domestic political levels and explores the consequences of these changes for climate policy in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the history of transatlantic climate policy and relations. The U.S. is the major emitter of greenhouse gases that are having an impact on the climate system as well as a potential leader in developing technologies to deal with the causes and effects of climate change. Among the potential consequences of such climatic changes are increase in malaria and dengue infections. An overview of the U.S. and European policy on climate change is also provided.

The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) was announced in July 2005 and held its inaugural ministerial meeting in January 2006. While the partnership has been dismissed as a "red herring" to distract attention from the U.S.'s failure to address climate change, its members include some of the largest emitters and fastest growing economies in the world. Thus APP-member countries account for a much larger share of global greenhouse gas emissions than the 35 countries with binding emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.In this paper we explore - in environmental as well as in political terms - whether the APP may be seen as a supplement or an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. We argue that separately both approaches are likely to have a low environmental impact and that environmental impact is likely to be enhanced to the extent that they can be combined. Based on an analysis of the positions of two key actors, the U.S. and the EU, we further argue that there are interesting points of convergence between the U.S. position and the Kyoto approach as well as between the EU position and the APP approach. Our analysis indicates that there is potential for more coordination between these approaches than observers as well as the parties themselves seem to acknowledge. After a decade of trying - and failing - to develop internationally coordinated climate policies that include key actors, time may have come to start focusing on the extent of cooperation that is feasible given differences in national circumstances, both among and between developed and developing countries. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though it is often viewed by environmentalists as defeatist to seriously discuss adaptation to climate change (as opposed to mitigation), it is evident that many regions will be affected by the advance of global warming. This paper will outline the predicted impact of climate change on the world's most destitute peoples, most of them in the southern hemisphere but some in the far north. It will then evaluate the normative implications of international responses to date, including various capital and technology transfer mechanisms, and argue that in order to pursue global justice on this issue a plethora of associated problems, such as the impact of invasive species, infectious diseases, and reduced livelihood possibilities, must be addressed as well. In this sense global warming might act as a catalyst towards global equity, though most models of international relations would suggest otherwise. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]