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This paper is driven by two major questions: Why there is a big gap between the strong rhetoric of all South countries supporting regional integration and the poor outcomes achieved so far?; and, Why Brazil, having a low carbon intensive energy matrix, has not taken a leading global and regional role in climate change mitigation and adaptation? The paper has two parts. The first one "Integration and Fragmentation in South America" analyses the dynamic of the South American countries and consider the attempts of economic and political integration. The second one "Brazil in the global and regional politics of climate" analyses the evolving of Brazilian policy in the global arena of the Kyoto Protocol and the failed efforts of the country to produce governance of energy and climate in South America. The final remarks talks about the key Brazilian role in the current negotiations of a post-Kyoto architecture for climate change mitigation and adaptation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Brazilian foreign economic and security policy via the prism of Putnam’s two-level game as played out through the multiply-interconnected arenas of energy, infrastructure, and finance within the South American continent. The energy are ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the so-called “arms race” in South America and the role of Brazil as a regional actor to guarantee the stability in the region. Points that will be considered are: the growth of investments in the defense sector in South-America ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the decline of trade as a central issue for the integration of South America and discusses the new period of integration in the region marked by security issues. It shows how Brazil proposed the South American Community of Nations (SACN) known also as South American Union (SAU) and what are its main goals. It also shows its differences when compared to Mercosur. The basic argument is that SAU represents a new perspective on regional integration, a new view linked to security concerns, based on geopolitical integration and on a search for a more independent and active political role for the region in global politics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]