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This paper assesses the proclivity towards refugee-related violence in India, Pakistan,.x000d.and Bangladesh, using an original dataset. I show that the host's attitude towards.x000d.refugees depend on local factors such as how long refugees are expected to stay, the.x000d.rate of inflow, its control of camps, as well as on international factors such as alliances.x000d.with the sending country and the presence of international organizations. If the host.x000d.is aggressive, refugees will retaliate, depending on whether the camps are militarized.x000d.whereby refugees will have access to weapons and arms. Camp militarization, in turn,.x000d.depends on factors such as rebel infiltration and the location of camps. Furthermore,.x000d.the paper finds that alliances between host and sending countries have a pacifying.x000d.effect. On the hand, while international organizations are able to shape host behavior.x000d.to a certain extent, they are unable to prevent camp militarization. Such findings have.x000d.policy implications for hosts, sending states and international organizations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine the construction of a shared enclave identity of the people in the enclaves between India and bangladesh and what impact if any, does it have on the dilemmas of their citizenship? How can one possibly find a way out of this situation? ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]