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This paper will argue that the Cooperative Threat Reduction program (CTR, also sometimes called the Nunn-Lugar program) represents an important new method for states to protect their security. The program has used carefully targeted spending rather than military means to eliminate much of the nuclear threat from the former Soviet Union. The CTR program has succeeded in removing all nuclear weapons from Kazakhstan, Belarus, and the Ukraine, and has helped to greatly reduce Russia's forces and safeguard its WMD installations. It has also quietly removed dangerous nuclear material from the former East Germany, Yugoslavia, and elsewhere. The paper will argue that this program has been remarkably cheap and effective compared to military alternatives. It seems to offer a model of carefully targeted cooperative incentives which could help in engaging other WMD states. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does NATO membership imply membership in the western security community? What is the precise 'status' of NATO in the security community? The aim of this paper is to offer rejoinders to these questions by examining the different conceptions of a security community and the evolution of the 'status' of NATO in the security community. This paper will demonstrate how ambiguity as to precise security community membership is the result of different conceptions of the security community. Further, the concept of "concentric security communities" will be introduced which will contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between NATO expansion and membership in the security community. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]