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Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from rubber glove usage is usually caused by rubber additives such as the accelerators. However, in analyses of the suspected gloves, ordinary rubber allergens are not always found. Accelerator‐free rubber gloves are available, but some patients with accelerator allergy do not tolerate them and might also be patch test positive to them. Objectives: To identify and chemically characterize a new allergen, 2‐cyanoethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate (CEDMC), in rubber gloves. We describe two patient cases: patient 1 that led us to the identification of CEDMC and patient 2 with occupational ACD caused by CEDMC. Methods: The patients were examined with patch testing including baseline and rubber series, and their own rubber gloves. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for chemical analysis of rubber gloves. The allergen was synthesized and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry, and tested on patient 2. Results: CEDMC was identified by HPLC in a nitrile glove associated with hand eczema in patient 1. Patient 2 whose nitrile gloves contained CEDMC was patch test positive to CEDMC. Conclusions: CEDMC is a new contact allergen in nitrile gloves and probably forms during vulcanization from residual monomer acrylonitrile and rubber additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rubber accelerators are used in the production of rubber gloves and may cause contact allergy. Objectives: To estimate long‐term trend and prevalence of contact allergy to rubber accelerators for a 30‐year period in Denmark, high‐risk occupations, and exposures. Methods: Data from all patients with contact dermatitis consecutively patch tested at the department of Skin and Allergy Gentofte hospital with the rubber accelerators from the European baseline series (EBS) from 1990 to 2019, were analysed. Further, patients under suspicion of rubber accelerator contact allergy were additionally patch‐tested with rubber accelerators from the specialised rubber series from 2005 to 2019 and these were additional extracted. Results: The overall prevalence of contact allergy to one or more of the rubber accelerators from the EBS series was 2.7% with a significant decline in the first 12‐years, followed by a stable frequency in the past 18‐years. Associations with occupational contact dermatitis, hand dermatitis, and leg/foot dermatitis were found. Wet‐work occupations were most often affected and gloves the most frequent exposure. Conclusions: Contact allergy to one or more of the rubber accelerators from the EBS is frequent and has been unchanged for several decades, which calls for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis to gloves is mostly induced by rubber accelerators. The European baseline series (EBS) appears insufficient to detect glove allergy. Since 2017, it is recommended to use the European rubber series (ERS) and to test the patients' own gloves. Objectives: To investigate the clinical profile of glove‐wearing patients with hand eczema (HE) and to evaluate their sensitisation profile to glove allergens and the value of testing the patients' own gloves. Methods: We conducted a French multicentre study of patients evaluated for HE between 2018 and 2020 and tested with the EBS, the ERS and their own gloves in patch tests and semi‐open (SO) tests. Results: A total of 279 patients were included; 32.6% of patients had positive tests to their own gloves or to glove allergens. Almost 45% of the sensitisations to glove allergens were detected only by the ERS. Among the patients tested both in patch tests and SO tests with their own gloves with positive results, 28% had positive SO tests only. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves were positive in four patients. Conclusion: Our series confirms the need to test the ERS. All the patients' gloves must also be tested including PVC gloves. SO tests with gloves are useful as a complement to patch tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic contact dermatitis to accelerators in rubber gloves marketed as accelerator-free Keywords: accelerator-free; allergic contact dermatitis; carbamates; case report; hand eczema; rubber glove; thiurams; work-related EN accelerator-free allergic contact dermatitis carbamates case report hand eczema rubber glove thiurams work-related 65 68 4 06/12/23 20230701 NES 230701 Contact allergies to rubber accelerators used in the production of protective gloves, including thiurams, dithiocarbamates, benzothiazoles, and 1,3-diphenylguanidine are frequent in patients with work-related hand eczema, particularly in cleaning personnel, food handlers and healthcare workers.[[1]] To find suitable protective gloves for these individuals remains a challenge. Despite being marketed as accelerator-free, classified as medical device and labelled with EN 455-3, the analysis revealed that the selected "accelerator-free" glove SHIELDskin Orange Nitrile 300 contained three accelerators of which two were dithiocarbamates, explaining the positive patch test reaction to the glove in our patient. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Semipermeable membranes might be suitable for glove liners or comfort gloves in individuals with irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Objectives: To evaluate the effects of different glove materials on inflammation and epidermal barrier impairment after experimental skin irritation. Methods: Nine test areas on the volar forearms of 24 healthy volunteers were irritated with sodium lauryl sulfate (1%) and afterward covered for 6 days (6 or 8 h/day) with semipermeable Sympatex (SYM), vinyl (OCC), combinations of vinyl with Sympatex (SYM/OCC) or cotton (COT/OCC), or left uncovered (CON). Up to day 10, measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema (a*), skin humidity (SH) and visual scoring (VS) were applied. Results: No significant differences in skin parameters were found between COT/OCC and SYM/OCC as well as between each of the combinations and CON. SYM, COT/OCC and SYM/OCC led to better results for most skin parameters than OCC alone. Conclusions: Occlusive material has a negative impact on skin barrier recovery and inflammation after skin irritation whereas SYM is not inferior to uncovered areas indicating good tolerability. Altogether, the data suggest that SYM is a useful alternative to COT as material for glove liners and comfort gloves in ICD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: allergic contact dermatitis; case report; cross-reactions; patch test EN allergic contact dermatitis case report cross-reactions patch test 490 493 4 05/09/23 20230601 NES 230601 "Passe-partout effect" is the recently introduced term to describe the cutout (spared zone), which separates the central reaction area occluded with square-shaped patch test chambers from the spreading part of the reaction beyond the borders of the chambers in strong/extreme positive vesiculobullous patch test reactions.[1] It was termed after the word "passe-partout" in art terminology,[1] indicating a cardboard cutout separating a picture from the frame. In conclusion, the "passe-partout effect" seems to be a distinct and probably underreported pattern in strong/extreme positive patch test reactions induced by strong occlusion of the square-shaped patch test chambers. Additional strong (++) or extreme (+++) positive patch test reactions to other contact allergens were observed in these patients, however, without a "passe-partout effect". [Extracted from the article]

Background: Glove occlusion might enhance skin sensitivity to a subsequent detergent challenge (occlusion effect). Thus, some skin protection creams (PC) claim to protect against this effect of occlusion, and are recommended to be used before wearing liquid‐proof gloves. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of PC applied prior to glove occlusion on the 'occlusion effect'—refers to increased susceptibility of the skin to a model detergent. Methods: One hundred and eleven volunteers were enrolled in a single‐blind, randomized study. Seven PCs were applied before glove occlusion over 7 days (D1–D7). After sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) challenge, we compared the irritation between the areas treated with PC and occlusion alone. Clinical scoring and bioengineering methods (capacitance, transepidermal water loss [TEWL], and colourimetry [erythema]) were used to quantify the irritant reactions. Results: After 1 week of occlusion and PC application, we did not observe significant changes in TEWL, nor in erythema, whereas skin hydration raised in three cream‐treated areas. On day 10, after a challenge with SLS, some products significantly aggravated the skin irritation as compared to occlusion alone. Conclusions: The 'occlusion effect'—shown as higher skin susceptibility to a model detergent—was not mitigated by PCs when applied prior to glove occlusion. On the contrary, some PCs might have negative effects on skin barrier function and augment such sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hairdressers are exposed to wet work and manifold allergens at work, rendering exposure complex and the aetiology of occupational hand eczema (OHE) often multifactorial in this occupational group. Objectives: To identify exposure patterns associated with increased risk of hand eczema in hairdressers. Methods: All hairdressers graduating from 2004 to 2007 and 2015 to 2018 received a questionnaire in 2009 and 2020, respectively. Current exposures (with or without regular glove use) and OHE were self‐reported, and their association examined. Patterns of exposure were identified by latent class analysis (LCA). Results: A total response of 39.9% (668/1675) was obtained. Six exposure profiles (#1–6) were identified by LCA across 11 tasks performed with or without gloves as well as deep conditioning, that is, 23 task items. Compared to profile #1 with the lowest OHE risk (reference) an increased risk of current OHE were seen in profile #4 [adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–44.8 and #6 (aOR 39.4, 95%CI 6.1–362.8)] in logistic regression analysis. Profile #1 and #6 had performed the same tasks, but in profile #6 regular glove use was performed in 9.1% (1/ 11) of tasks compared to 72.7% (8/11) of tasks in profile #1 (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Although occupational exposures in hairdressing are complex, meaningful patterns associated with a wide range of OHE risk can be identified by LCA. The increase of OHE risk seems predominantly to be due to poor compliance with protective gloves. LCA could be applied to further fields of complex (skin) exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Commercial patch test substances do not cover all occupational contact allergens. Workplace materials and in‐house test substances are tested to complement the investigation of occupational skin disease (OSD). Objectives: To quantify the additional value of testing workplace materials and non‐commercial in‐house test substances in the diagnosis of OSD. Materials and Methods: Patients files of 544 patients patch tested at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in 2015–2019 were reviewed for occupation, diagnoses and patch test results. Results: OSD was diagnosed in 353 (64.9%) of the patients. A total of 206 (37.9%) patients had occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). In 19 (3.5%) patients, the only clues to the diagnoses of OACD were positive reactions to workplace materials, and in 20 (3.7%) patients, the diagnosis of OACD was based on commercially unavailable test substances. In 167 OACD cases diagnosed by commercial test substances, additional causes were found in 17 by testing patients' own and non‐commercial test substances. In 43 (7.9%) cases, positive reactions to workplace materials reinforced diagnoses based on commercial test substances. The overall additive value of testing own products was 16.7% (91 cases). Conclusion: We would have missed 39 (18.9%) of our 206 OACD cases if we had solely used commercial test substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compliance with glove use and safe work practices are important factors in primary prevention of occupational hand eczema (OHE) in hairdressers. Objective: To assess the risk OHE and compliance with skin protective measures in hairdressers trained before and after implementation of a nationwide skin protection program in Danish hairdressing vocational schools in 2011. Methods: A repeated cross‐sectional study was performed. A questionnaire was sent in 2009 and 2020. The Danish Labour Market Supplementary Pension Scheme provided information on yearly payments from the hairdressing profession. Results: A response rate of 66.6% (305/460) was obtained in the 2009 survey and of 29.9% (363/1215) in the 2020 survey. The career time prevalence of OHE decreased from 42.8% to 29.0% (adjusted odds ratio 0.55 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40‐0.77) and the incidence rate of OHE decreased from 57.5 (95%CI 48.4‐68.4) to 42.0 (95%CI 34.6‐50.9) per 1000 person years (incidence rate ratio 0.73 [95%CI 0.56‐0.95] between the two surveys). A statistically significant (P <.05) increase in glove use when doing wet‐work and when handling hair dyes, permanent wave solutions and bleaching products was observed in the 2020 compared to the 2009 survey. Conclusion: Our data suggest that skin protection training during apprenticeship reduces the risk of OHE in hairdressers. The lack of primary prevention of OHE in hairdressing vocational schools may be a missed opportunity in the prevention of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Semipermeable gloves might be an alternative to cotton gloves in management of hand dermatoses. Objectives: To compare acceptance and tolerability of gloves made of cotton or a semipermeable Sympatex membrane in patients with hand dermatoses and their effect on skin lesions when worn overnight. Methods: A total of 199 patients with work‐related symmetrical hand dermatoses were asked to wear a cotton glove (COT) on one hand and a Sympatex glove underneath a cotton glove (SYM/COT) on the other hand for 19 consecutive nights. The severity of skin lesions was regularly examined. A questionnaire on acceptance and tolerability was used in a subset of 126 patients. Results: Data on skin lesions were available for 183 participating patients (92%). The severity did not differ substantially between hands covered with SYM/COT or COT over time. Questionnaire data were available for 120 patients (95%). SYM/COT received better ratings regarding climate conditions while COT showed superiority in wearing comfort, practicality and appearance. Conclusions: Both SYM/COT and COT were well tolerated and accepted in patients with hand dermatoses. Hence, SYM/COT may serve as suitable alternative for COT as comfort gloves supporting therapeutic efforts. The observed slight differences may influence the decision when selecting the glove type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular and correct glove use is important[3] and it may impair compliance when almost one-third of the hairdressers report gloves as reasons for their hand eczema, as hairdressers may begin to question the overall benefit of gloves. Of these, 93.8% (544/580) had worked in the hairdressing occupation at the onset of hand eczema and 84.1% (487/579) believed their hand eczema were caused or exacerbated by their occupation. Keywords: contact dermatitis; hairdressers; hand eczema; occupational disease EN contact dermatitis hairdressers hand eczema occupational disease 162 164 3 01/13/23 20230201 NES 230201 INTRODUCTION Hairdressers have a high incidence of occupational hand eczema (OHE).[1] The risk of OHE in hairdressers is associated with a high degree of occupational exposure to wet work and allergens in hair cosmetics. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Limited data exist on occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) in Turkey. Objectives: To investigate the epidemiologic profile of OACD in Turkey. Methods: A retrospective cohort study on 294 patients with OACD among 2801 consecutively patch‐tested patients in the Allergy Unit of the Dermatology Department of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine between 1996 and 2019. Results: The overall prevalence of OACD was 10.5%, showing a male predominance. OACD was most frequently seen in construction workers (45.2%), followed by hairdressers, metalworkers, health care workers, and miscellaneous. The main relevant allergens were chromium in cement, thiurams in rubber gloves, hairdressing chemicals, resins/glues/plastics, metals, isothiazolinones, and fragrances. Hands were the mainly involved site (95.6%). Airborne eczema was observed in 21.4%. Hand and foot eczema and co‐sensitizations to chrome and thiuram and chrome and cobalt were significantly associated with being a construction worker. Sensitizations to isothiazolinones in house painters, ammonium persulfate and p‐phenylenediamine in hairdressers, and colophonium increased after 2010. Conclusion: This was the largest group of data on OACD from Turkey, reflecting the importance of rubber glove allergy in all occupations and the striking increase in ammonium persulfate allergy among hairdressers. Chrome and cobalt were still the main cement allergens in Turkey, where the cement directive is not yet in force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glove liners (GLs) made of cotton (COT) are worn under impermeable gloves to prevent occlusion effects. Semipermeable GLs made of Sympatex (SYM) might be an alternative. Objectives: To evaluate the acceptance of GLs (COT/SYM) in health care workers (HCWs) with work‐related skin diseases (WRSDs). Methods: One hundred sixty‐one HCWs with WRSDs were asked to wear GLs in combination with occlusive gloves for 10 ±2 weeks under workplace conditions. A questionnaire was applied to compare acceptance and usability of the respective glove combinations and previously used protective gloves (PUGs). Results: A total of 120 data sets were available (SYM: n = 65, 77.4%; COT: n = 55, 71.4%). Both GLs provided a significantly lower sweating sensation, more pleasant climate, comfortable wearing experience, and moist or dry feeling on the skin compared to PUGs. SYM‐GLs performed significantly better than COT‐GLs regarding mobility of hands, sensitivity, and sense of touch. COT‐GLs were significantly better than SYM‐GLs in the categories fit, donning and doffing, and material contact. Conclusions: Both GLs did not impair work performance, were applicable in various areas of health care activities, and were preferred over PUGs. Our results indicate that SYM‐GLs are an alternative to COT‐GLs and thus may contribute to current prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: benzothiazoles; dithiocarbamates; gloves; pustular contact dermatitis EN benzothiazoles dithiocarbamates gloves pustular contact dermatitis 199 201 3 07/19/22 20220801 NES 220801 Pustular allergic contact dermatitis is a rare clinical presentation, for which involvement of the dorsum of hands is unusual. DISCUSSION We report a case of pustular allergic contact dermatitis of the dorsum of hands related to rubber gloves. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Studies on patch testing with workplace materials and evaluation of current occupational relevance of positive patch test reactions are scarce in patients with occupational dermatitis (OD). Objectives: To identify frequent sensitizations with occupational relevance and to determine the value of patch testing with workplace materials in OD patients. Patients and Methods: Results and clinical data of 654 patients with suspected OD patch tested between 2013 and 2017 were analysed. Results: Occupational allergic contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 113 (17.3%) patients. Mechanics had the widest range of occupational sensitizations. Sensitization to epoxy resin was rated occupationally relevant in almost all handicraft trades. Among positive patch test reactions to workplace products, those to water‐based metal working fluids and leave‐on cosmetic products were most frequent. Despite frequent testing, protective gloves only rarely elicited positive reactions. Preservatives and rubber compounds were most frequently identified as currently occupationally relevant. Conclusions: Rubber allergy is occupationally relevant especially in healthcare workers and cleaners. Generally, preservatives including formaldehyde releasers are important allergens in OD patients. Leave‐on cosmetic products must not be forgotten as allergen sources. Patch testing both workplace materials and standardized test preparations has a complementary value and is beneficial for the diagnostic work‐up of OD patients. Highlights: Patch testing of workplace materials and standardized test preparations has a complementary value in the diagnostic work‐up of occupational dermatitis patients.Mechanics should be patch tested in a broad fashion, including rubber, metal working fluids, epoxy resin systems, and leave‐on products.Epoxy resin systems exhibit current occupational relevance in almost all high‐risk professions of the handicraft sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational hand eczema is common among hairdressers, and protective gloves are important in limiting exposure to irritants and allergens. Various glove types may differ in their protective ability, and their use may lead to hand eczema due to skin irritancy and allergy. MEDLINE was searched for studies investigating permeation of gloves to irritants and allergens used in the hairdressing trade, as well as adverse effects of glove use affecting hairdressers. Forty‐four studies were identified; nine reported on permeation. Of those, two in vitro studies found nitrile rubber (NR) gloves to give the best protection when handling hair dyes. Polyethylene (PE) gloves had the lowest reported break‐through time. The prevalence of sensitization to rubber materials in European hairdressers was as follows: thiuram mix, median 2.5% (range 0%‐8.2%), weighted average 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0%‐3.1%); mercapto mix, median 0.4% (range 0%‐3.3%), weighted average 0.5% (95% CI 0.47%‐0.50%), mercaptobenzothiazole, median 0.6% (range 0%‐6.6%), weighted average 0.7% (95% CI 0.6%‐0.7%), NRL‐type I allergy, median 1.3% (range 1%‐16.4%), weighted average 4.0% (95% CI 3.6%‐4.5%). In conclusion, NR gloves provide the best skin protection for hairdressers, although natural rubber latex (NRL) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves may be sufficient in most cases. PE gloves are not recommended. Synthetic rubber gloves with low or no levels of accelerators are preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dentists are at high risk of developing skin symptoms due to occupational contact with irritants and/or allergens. Objectives: To assess the point prevalence of work‐related skin symptoms and associated factors in Bulgarian dentists. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was performed using a self‐report questionnaire. Results: A total of 4675 dentists filled the questionnaire (response 48.1%). The point prevalence of self‐reported skin symptoms was 31.6%. According to logistic regression analysis, factors significantly associated with work‐related skin symptoms included a personal history of atopic dermatitis (odds ratio [OR] 2.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.24‐3.31), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma (OR 1.85, 95%CI: 1.56‐2.19), work experience >30 years (OR 2.21, 95%CI: 1.78‐2.74), personal history of contact allergy (OR 1.79, 95%CI: 1.48‐2.17), female sex (OR 1.87, 95%CI: 1.59‐2.19), hand washing >8 times a day (OR 1.32, 95%CI: 1.03‐1.69), daily contact ≥4 hours with protective gloves (OR 2.09, 95%CI: 1.64‐2.67), and use >10 pairs of gloves per day (OR 1.51, 95%CI: 1.11‐2.04). Conclusion: Bulgarian dentists have a high prevalence of work‐related skin symptoms. History of atopic dermatitis, prolonged work experience, and protective gloves use were the strongest risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The frequency of allergic contact dermatitis has significantly increased in healthcare workers since the transition from latex to synthetic rubber gloves, with 1,3‐diphenylguanidine being identified as the most frequently implicated allergen. Objectives: To highlight the role of 1,3‐diphenylguanidine as the culprit allergen in contact allergies to synthetic rubber gloves, to propose recommendations for patch testing, and to discuss alternatives for sensitized subjects. Materials and methods: Patch test data from healthcare workers who developed hand dermatitis after wearing rubber gloves and who reacted positively to glove samples and rubber additives were collected from September 2010 to December 2017 in a Belgian hospital. Results: A total of 44 caregivers were included in this study. Patch tests showed that: (a) 84% of the study population reacted positively to carba mix; (b) 86% reacted positively to 1,3‐diphenylguanidine; and (c) 13 (30%) reacted positively to thiuram mix. Half of the subjects reacted positively to gloves containing 1,3‐diphenylguanidine, whereas none reacted to accelerator‐free gloves. Conclusion: The most commonly identified allergen was 1,3‐diphenylguanidine, far ahead of thiurams, which were previously described as the most sensitizing accelerators. The use of 1,3‐diphenylguanidine‐free gloves is recommended. No subject reacted to gloves without accelerators, thus confirming their efficiency among accelerator‐sensitized patients. We recommend that 1,3‐diphenylguanidine be added to the European baseline series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case report, central venous access devices, contact dermatitis, Dermabond, disinfectants Allergic contact dermatitis due to the liquid skin adhesive Dermabond predominantly occurs after the first exposuzre. Keywords: case report; central venous access devices; contact dermatitis; Dermabond; disinfectants EN case report central venous access devices contact dermatitis Dermabond disinfectants 348 350 3 04/07/21 20210501 NES 210501 Skin complications associated with central venous access devices (CVADs) are frequently reported, including irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). [Extracted from the article]

Background: Dermatitis caused by occupational contact allergy to rubber additives such as diphenylguanidine (DPG) in medical gloves is a hazard for healthcare workers. Both the duration of exposure to medical gloves and the number of gloves used per day vary. The use of alcoholic skin disinfectants before glove donning is mandatory. Objectives: To assess whether skin exposure to the rubber accelerator DPG released from glove material is influenced by alcoholic hand disinfectants, time, and pH. Methods: With the use of ethanol washes, the amount of DPG left on the hands after wearing of gloves for 60 minutes was measured, and comparisons between hands exposed and not exposed to alcoholic disinfectant before glove donning were made. With the use of artificial sweat buffered at pH 4, 5, and 6, DPG release from the insides of gloves at different times was measured. Results: The use of alcoholic disinfectant prior to polyisoprene glove donning increased the amount of DPG recovered from the hands. Of the DPG released from polyisoprene gloves into artificial sweat, almost 84% was released within 10 minutes. pH did not influence the rate of release. Conclusions: The use of alcoholic disinfectant increased skin exposure to the rubber accelerator DPG. Even a short duration of use of gloves results in substantial exposure to DPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: case report; contact dermatitis; hand dermatitis; methylisothiazolinone; nitrile gloves; protective gloves EN case report contact dermatitis hand dermatitis methylisothiazolinone nitrile gloves protective gloves 383 384 2 09/08/22 20221001 NES 221001 Methylisothiazolinone (MI) is a frequent sensitizer in cosmetics, household detergents and industrial products.1 In the occupational setting, the use of protective (nitrile) gloves is often recommended to limit exposure to this preservative, and to prevent allergic contact dermatitis. Case report, contact dermatitis, hand dermatitis, protective gloves, methylisothiazolinone, nitrile gloves. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Asteraceae; Compositae; occupational; patch test; Senecio EN Asteraceae Compositae occupational patch test Senecio 197 198 2 07/19/22 20220801 NES 220801 Succulents are popular low-maintenance pot plants. Some succulents, such as African milkbush ( I Euphorbia hermentiana i ) and I Agave americana i , may cause irritant skin reactions, but allergic contact dermatitis is rarely reported.1-3 CASE REPORT A 56-year old female gardener was referred on suspicion of work-related dermatitis from a succulent Compositae plant. DISCUSSION I Senecio barbertonicus i Klatt, succulent bush Senecio, is native to South Africa and belongs to the tribe Senecioneae of the Compositae (Asteraceae) plant family. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: CAS 6925-69-5; case report; occupational contact dermatitis EN CAS 6925-69-5 case report occupational contact dermatitis 55 57 3 06/19/20 20200701 NES 200701 Solvent Orange 60 (CAS no. 6925-69-5; SO60) is a dye used in plastic materials such as automobile lights and spectacle frames, and a known contact sensitizer. Therefore, not only the hand eczema but also the facial eczema was considered occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by SO60 in protective gloves. [Extracted from the article]

Contact dermatitis due to 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate contained in latex-free, accelerator-free nitrile rubber gloves Keywords: 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB), accelerator-free nitrile gloves, allergic contact dermatitis, case report, latex-free EN 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB), accelerator-free nitrile gloves, allergic contact dermatitis, case report, latex-free 255 257 3 03/23/20 20200401 NES 200401 Accelerators are the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis due to rubber gloves. 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB), accelerator-free nitrile gloves, allergic contact dermatitis, case report, latex-free. [Extracted from the article]

Exposure analysis using X-ray fluorescence device and a cobalt spot test in four patients with cobalt allergy We showed that potential sources of exposure to cobalt could be identified by use of XRF and a cobalt spot test, with leather being the most common item. We found over 10 wt% cobalt in a cobalt drill along with a positive result in the cobalt spot test of the drill (Figure). Hard metal alloys constitute the primary cause of occupational allergic contact dermatitis to cobalt.[5] Consumer exposure to cobalt has been described as well, including jewelry and more recently leather objects. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of a 54-year-old surgeon with a history of atopic dermatitis (AD) who was referred by his occupational physician because of painful, chronic hand eczema, despite systemic treatment with dupilumab. Topics discussed include the reliability of patch testing in patients receiving dupilumab treatment, allergic contact dermatitis caused by glove compounds confirmed by patch testing, and the use of dupilumab in patients with persistent facial eczema.

Background Accelerators in rubber gloves constitute an important group of contact allergens, particularly in healthcare workers. Objectives To assess the efficacy of accelerator-free medical gloves in the secondary prevention of allergic contact dermatitis caused by rubber accelerators in healthcare workers. Methods Nine healthcare workers with hand eczema were advised to use accelerator-free rubber gloves after a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis caused by rubber accelerators. Results Switching from conventional medical single-use gloves containing accelerators to accelerator-free medical gloves led to improvement in all cases, and more than two-thirds of the patients were completely free of symptoms. Conclusion The use of accelerator-free medical gloves can be an effective alternative in healthcare workers who are allergic to rubber accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: allergic contact dermatitis; case report; dithiocarbamates; gloves; nitrile/neoprene rubber; polyethylene; rubber accelerators; thiurams EN allergic contact dermatitis case report dithiocarbamates gloves nitrile/neoprene rubber polyethylene rubber accelerators thiurams 321 322 2 03/16/22 20220401 NES 220401 CASE REPORT A 44-year-old woman with atopic diathesis who worked as a cleaner of hospital beds presented with longstanding hand dermatitis. The shorter PE glove - despite having almost the same length as the disposable protective glove - tended to slip causing direct skin contact at the wrist with the protective glove containing dithiocarbamates (Figure 1C). [Extracted from the article]

Background Healthcare workers ( HCWs) are at risk of developing occupational skin disease ( OSD). Objectives To ascertain the causes of OSD in Australian HCWs in a tertiary referral clinic. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients assessed at the Occupational Dermatology Clinic in Melbourne from 1993 to 2014. Results Of 685 HCWs assessed in the clinic over a period of 22 years, 555 (81.0%) were diagnosed with OSD. The most common diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis ( ICD) (79.1%), followed by allergic contact dermatitis ( ACD) (49.7%). Natural rubber latex allergy was also relatively frequent (13.0%). The major substances causing ACD were rubber glove chemicals (thiuram mix and tetraethylthiuram disulfide), preservatives (formaldehyde, formaldehyde releasers, and isothiazolinones), excipients in hand cleansers, which are hard-to-avoid weak allergens, and antiseptics. ACD caused by commercial hand cleansers occurred more frequently than ACD caused by alcohol-based hand rubs ( ABHRs). Occupational ICD was mostly caused by water/wet work and hand cleansers, and environmental irritants such as heat and sweating. Conclusions Understanding the causes of OSD in HCWs is important in order to develop strategies for prevention. We suggest that skin care advice should be incorporated into hand hygiene education. The use of ABHRs should be encouraged, weak allergens in skin cleansers should be substituted, and accelerator-free gloves should be recommended for HCWs with OSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand and foot eczema and co-sensitizations to chrome and thiuram and chrome and cobalt were significantly associated with being a construction worker. Esen Özkaya Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University,... B Background: b Limited data exist on occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) in Turkey. Chrome and cobalt were still the main cement allergens in Turkey, where the cement directive is not yet in force. [Extracted from the article]

Wet work tasks are the most common exposures leading to occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Use of liquid-proof gloves is recommended when performing wet work, however, gloves may also contribute to impairment of the skin barrier and development of irritant contact dermatitis. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the effects of glove occlusion on skin barrier function. The PubMed database was searched up to 1 February 2015 for articles on the association between glove occlusion and skin barrier function, including human studies only and in English. Only experimental studies including assessment of the skin barrier function were included in the data analysis. Thirteen articles were identified, 8 with focus on occlusion alone, 7 with focus on occlusion in combination with irritant exposure (some overlapping), and 2 field studies. In conclusion, data from the literature showed that the negative effect of occlusion in itself is limited, and that only extensive and long-term occlusion will cause barrier impairment. However, studies investigating combined effect of occlusion and exposure to soaps/detergents indicate that occlusion significantly enhances the skin barrier damage caused by detergents/soaps in a dose-response fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necessary precautions when handling DMDI should be taken, as well as considering including DMDI in isocyanates patch-test series. Keywords: 4,4-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate); CAS no. 5124-30-1; case report; contact dermatitis; DMDI EN 4,4-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) CAS no. 5124-30-1 case report contact dermatitis DMDI 469 470 2 09/21/21 20211001 NES 211001 Isocyanates have widespread industrial use as coatings, adhesives, paints, and polyurethanes, and they include a wide range of low-molecular-weight potent allergens.1 We present a case of a young industrial worker who developed allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) after short-term exposure to 4,4-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) (DMDI). Single cases of ACD after only few days of DMDI exposure have been reported,3-5 indicating DMDI as a strong skin sensitizer. [Extracted from the article]

Allergic contact dermatitis, case report, contact leukoderma, hand leukoderma, rubber chemicals Keywords: allergic contact dermatitis; case report; contact leukoderma; hand leukoderma; rubber chemicals EN allergic contact dermatitis case report contact leukoderma hand leukoderma rubber chemicals 369 370 2 08/16/21 20210901 NES 210901 We present an atypical case of leukoderma appearing after rubber accelerator-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). [Extracted from the article]

In summary, we report a follow-up study of a small cohort of latex-allergic patients, and demonstrate a proportion of patients whose investigations no longer indicate latex allergy following a period of allergen avoidance. Keywords: contact urticaria; occupational; rubber chemicals EN contact urticaria occupational rubber chemicals 451 452 2 05/06/21 20210601 NES 210601 Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy is an important occupational health concern, particularly among healthcare professionals (HCPs). Half of the patients (n = 10) had changed occupation since diagnosis, but only three patients reported latex allergy as the reason for change. [Extracted from the article]

Background Hand eczema is frequent among Danish hairdressers, and they are advised to use gloves as protection. However, studies indicate that a significant proportion use gloves inappropriately. Objectives To determine whether hairdressers and apprentices use protective gloves in the correct way, and to determine whether a demonstration of correct use could cause an improvement. Methods Forty-three hairdressers and apprentices were asked to perform a hair wash while wearing gloves. The shampoo used was contaminated with an ultraviolet ( UV) trace material. Two rounds of hair washing were carried out by each person, interrupted by a demonstration of how to use gloves correctly. Photographs were taken to compare UV contamination before and after the demonstration. Results All of the participants (100%) had their hands contaminated during the first round; the area ranged between 0.02 and 101.37 cm2 (median 3.62 cm2). In the second round, 55.8% were contaminated (range 0.00-3.08 cm2; median 0.01 cm2). The reduction in contaminated skin areas was statistically significant ( p < 0.001), proving an effect of the glove demonstration. There were no significant differences between hairdressers and apprentices. Conclusions Hairdressers and apprentices lack knowledge on how to handle gloves correctly. A short demonstration of correct glove use made a significant difference in the skin protection provided by gloves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The use of permanent hair dyes exposes hairdressers to contact allergens such as p-phenylenediamine ( PPD), and the preventive measures are insufficient. Objectives To perform an in vivo test to study the protective effect of gloves commonly used by hairdressers. Patients/materials/methods Six gloves from Sweden, Italy and Germany were studied: two vinyl, one natural rubber latex, two nitrile, and one polyethylene. The hair dye used for the provocation was a dark shade permanent dye containing PPD. The dye was mixed with hydrogen peroxide, and 8 PPD-sensitized volunteers were tested with the gloves as a membrane between the hair dye and the skin in a cylindrical open chamber system. Three exposure times (15, 30 and 60 min) were used. Results Eczematous reactions were found when natural rubber latex, polyethylene and vinyl gloves were tested with the dye. The nitrile gloves gave good protection, even after 60 min of exposure to the hair dye. Conclusions Many protective gloves used by hairdressers are unsuitable for protection against the risk of elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis caused by PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hairdressers are exposed to hair dye chemicals, for example resorcinol and hydrogen peroxide. Adequate skin protection is an important preventive measure against occupational skin disease. Objectives To examine whether hydrogen peroxide may cause deterioration of protective gloves. Methods Permeation of resorcinol through gloves of polyvinylchloride ( PVC) (n = 8), natural rubber latex ( NRL) (n = 5) and nitrile rubber ( NR) (n = 5) was studied in a two-compartment cell, with resorcinol as an indicator for hair dyes. The amount of resorcinol that had permeated was analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument. Cumulative breakthrough time and permeation rate were compared for hydrogen peroxide-pretreated and untreated gloves. Results The cumulative breakthrough time was > 1 hr but < 4 hr for all tested gloves. Pretreatment of PVC gloves resulted in a slightly decreased breakthrough time, and pretreatment of NRL gloves decreased the permeation rate. No change was recorded in NR gloves. Conclusions Treatment with hydrogen peroxide had a minor effect on permeation in the tested gloves. NR gloves provided the best protection. However, taking the allergy risk of rubber gloves into account, plastic gloves are recommended in hairdressing. PVC gloves may be used, but not for > 1 hr. Disposable gloves should never be reused, regardless of material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Rubber accelerators are common contact allergens in healthcare personnel, owing to exposures from medical gloves. Objectives To analyse glove extracts used for patch testing for the presence of guanidine-type accelerators, and to describe the results of patch testing with triphenylguanidine ( TPG) in 2 cases of contact allergy and with TPG added to the rubber series. Materials and methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection were used for analysis of glove extracts. Patch tests were performed with guanidine accelerators detected in the extracts. Results TPG, an accelerator not previously reported as being present in rubber gloves, was found in the glove extracts. Patch testing with TPG showed relevant contact allergic reactions in patients with hand dermatitis caused by rubber gloves. Conclusions Chemical analysis of extracts for patch testing is important in the identification of new possible allergens. In this case, a rubber accelerator previously not reported as a possible contact allergen was found in extracts of surgical gloves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic contact dermatitis, case report, cetylpyridinium chloride, hand eczema, healthcare workers, patch test, surgical gloves, 1,3-diphenylguanidine In conclusion, DPG and, if possible, CPC should be patch tested in healthcare workers with suspected allergic contact dermatitis who use sterile surgical gloves. Keywords: 1,3-diphenylguanidine; allergic contact dermatitis; case report; cetylpyridinium chloride; hand eczema; healthcare workers; patch test; surgical gloves EN 1,3-diphenylguanidine allergic contact dermatitis case report cetylpyridinium chloride hand eczema healthcare workers patch test surgical gloves 207 208 2 02/25/21 20210301 NES 210301 CASE REPORT A 55-year-old male anaesthesiologist with hand eczema was patch tested in our department in 2016 revealing sensitization to 1,3-diphenylguanidine [DPG, day (D) 3: +] and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, D3: +). [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of a 58 years old hospital cleaning employee who is admitted to the hospital due to eczema. Her medical history reveals that she had history of long-standing eczema that started in 2005 due to use of latex hand gloves. Results of patch testing show that she had thiuram mix allergic reactions.

Background Skin diseases are the most commonly recognized occupational diseases in Denmark, and occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) comprises ∼95% of all cases. Objectives To prevent occupational contact dermatitis, it is important to specifically identify exposures and work routines related to outbreak of the disease. The aim of this study was to give an overview of exposures for patients with occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark in 2010, and relate this to line of work and disease severity. Material and methods The study was a descriptive, register-based study including patients with recognized occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark in 2010. Data were obtained from the National Board of Industrial Injuries in Denmark, and comprised information about the skin disease as well as the occupation/industry of employment and exposures. Results One thousand five hundred and four patients, 1020 women and 484 men, were included in the study. Irritant contact dermatitis accounted for 70% of all cases; 68% of these were caused by wet work. Forty-six per cent of all patients were employed either in the healthcare sector, in cleaning, or as kitchen workers. Among contact allergies, the most common were to rubber additives from gloves and epoxy in patients employed in the windmill industry. Conclusion The data are important for planning preventive efforts in the future. The workers in the healthcare sector, kitchen workers and cleaners constitute almost half of all cases, and future preventive efforts should be directed at these occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency is highlighting the importance of occupational dermatology.1 It is known that in emergency medicine and disaster management, skin diseases may be frequent not only in victims, but also in rescuers.2 The current COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that health-care workers (HCWs) are particularly affected by skin problems. Hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand rubs is widely used as one of the most effective, simple, and low-cost procedures against COVID-19 cross-transmission.5 By denaturing proteins, alcohol inactivates enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, and thus alcohol-based formulations with at least 60% ethanol have been proven effective for hand hygiene.5 Moreover, HCWs may perform frequent handwashing with water and soap more than 10 times per day. For HCWs at risk of hand dermatitis to hygiene products, additional skin moisturizing may be needed. [Extracted from the article]