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• Graphene-based freestanding catalysts have renewed research interests. • Material and energy efficiencies are two important evaluation criteria for energy conversion and storage devices. • Surface and interface engineering can produce electronic conduction and active sites for energy storage devices. • Important synergy between different components can benefit capacitance performance. Next-generation energy storage methods are closely related to green recovery in the post-pandemic period and the future energy structure. Advanced graphene-based freestanding electrodes with highly tunable electronic structures and mechanical stability present superior electrochemical performance, which are among the most promising candidates for achieving efficient energy storage. However, the ever-increasing demand for energy has triggered significant room for the growth of material and energy efficiencies of graphene-based freestanding electrodes. Fortunately, their intrinsic reactivity can be improved by atomic-level tailoring of the surfaces and interfaces of electrodes. Therefore, there is an urgent need for researchers to grasp the relationship between the structure and electrochemical performance of graphene-based freestanding electrodes. In this review, we presented a focused discussion and multidimensional analysis of graphene-based freestanding electrodes, including the predictive design of valence electron structure, mechanistic understanding of conversion and storage, and performance evaluation in practical application. Moreover, future research aspects of the graphene-based freestanding electrodes are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MOF-derived LDHs as transformations between functional materials are explored. • Three derivative approaches based on different mechanisms are interpreted. • The focus is on component changes and core–shell/hollow structure growth. • Applications in energy or environment-related fields are explored. • The challenges and directions of development are concluded. Template derivatization of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is regarded as an effective strategy for preparing structurally functionalized materials, but frequently generated metal–carbon compounds dramatically rely on energy-consuming and uncontrollable thermal treatments. In the last decade, another emerging trend is to grow layered double hydroxides (LDHs) from chemically treated MOF precursors, realizing a transformation of one functional material to another. Noteworthy, the surface grown LDHs effectively enhance the stability, electrical conductivity and mass transfer capability of MOFs, while the latter as three-dimensional structure supports to overcome the undesired aggregation of traditional LDHs. Besides, by incomplete/complete conversion, core–shell or hollow structures can also be facilely obtained, which is another point that has been explored for their unique merits including large surface area, low density and elastic cavity for reaction. This work summarizes the state-of-the-art progress of MOF-derived LDHs, which provides an earlier overview for their conversion and application. In the review, three different synthetic strategies are systematically organized and categorized, with special emphasis on elucidating their respective mechanisms. Based on the analysis of the compositional and structural advantages obtained from the derivation, the paper inspects the various applications of the materials in the energy and environment fields. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for MOF-derived LDHs and propose a deeper understanding of MOF derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]