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To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2008.00857.x Byline: PATRIZIA LOMBARDO

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2008.00854.x Byline: PATRIZIA LOMBARDO, KEVIN MULLIGAN

Women and children were commonly maltreated in 19th-century Morocco. The royal archives of Rabat thoroughly chronicle how female children were forced into slavery and servitude, and marriage was a lightly-disguised form of slavery. This system of behavior continues to have consequences, although the status of young women and children in the Arab world is radically changing.

Mayor of Parma, Italy, Stefano Lavagetto believes that the people of Parma take their citizenship rights and duties very seriously. With the direct election of the mayor in the June 1994, the mayor becomes a direct representative of the people. The people's pride in the city and the number of workers-turned-entrepreneurs are two distinctive characteristics of Parma. Parma, which feels economically tied to Europe, faces problems such as providing employment for the youth.

An analysis of the development of the city of modern times is a study of the transfer of feudal organizations into cities and an explanation of the ties between the city and the country. Architecture and urban planning of the city have played crucial roles in the representation of the city. The movement of the country to the city has influenced the cultural development of the city and has compelled the city to cope with social problems such as hunger. The theatrical aspect of the city is an important component of the modern city.

Some aspects of cultural studies programs can be described by the term interdisciplinarity, meaning the merging of social science, literary criticism and historical theory. The French Annales School of the 1920s and 1930s represented by Lucien Febvre and the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham, England in the 1950s are two examples of how traditional methods were abandoned in favor of collective effort of historians and social scientists examining works of psychology, sociology and literature as well as history.