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This paper reflects on the problem of gender balance in economic decision-making, considers its legislative roots, and offers potential guidance for its solution. The paper takes into account the origin of positive action and effective equality in the scope of EU legislation and CJEU case law and tackles the most troublesome issues regarding the new initiative of making equality in boards effective. It analyses gender equality in three approaches of positive action. Firstly, the fragile approach at the EU level, despite the rich historical impact it has had. Secondly, positive action on CJEU terrain where standards of equality have been set by useful case law. Finally, the form of legislative positive action which aimed to break the glass ceiling in corporate boards - the 'Women on Boards Directive'. With such an approach, the paper offers the authors' view on the stability of positive action and an interpretation of the above-mentioned directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recent adoption of the Paris climate agreement, countries taking climate change action are still faced with a potential risk of carbon leakage due to the absence of a uniform carbon price at the global level. This paper analyses the European Union's current and proposed carbon leakage legislation in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses. It emphasises that the environmental and economic integrity of the European Union's measures is of crucial importance due to the fact that the European Union's leadership in global climate legislation is highly dependent on it and also since the European Union's legislation has already served and is likely to continue serving as a model for similar cap and trade systems worldwide. The paper concludes that the current regulation of carbon leakage in the European Union leads to the overprotection of sectors which are considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage and that further revisions of the system are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]