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Species of AbsidiaTiegh. (Mucorales) are commonly isolated from soil, dead plant materials and dung. The genus is of interest in industrial and medical fields due to the presence of active compounds and secondary metabolites. Absidia species are typically characterized by an arcuate stolon with rhizoids, zygospores with appendaged suspensors and columella with apical projections. Characterization and description of novel Absidia species are unprecedented in Thailand. During our field visits to explore soil fungi in northern Thailand, topsoil samples from a tropical mixed forest in Chiang Mai were collected. Four strains of Absidia were isolated from the soil samples. Initial morphological characteristics revealed that four strains represent two new species. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, SSU, LSU, and ACT-1 sequence data revealed that the two new species are phylogenetically distinct. Microscopic investigations indicated that the new species, Absidia soli V.GHurdeal., E.Gentekaki., H.B.Lee & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov. produces larger sporangia (16-51 × 15-45.5 µm) and columella (7.5-12.5 × 9-24 µm) than Absidia edaphica V.GHurdeal., E.Gentekaki., H.B.Lee & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov. (30.5-35.5 × 24-27 µm and 5-9.5 × 6.5-20 µm respectively). Both species have short cylindrical to cylindrical and hyaline sporangiospores. The sizes of the spores for A. edaphica sp. nov. and A. soli sp. nov. are 3.5-5.5 × 2-3.5 µm and 3-4.5 × 1.5-2.5 µm respectively. Mycelial growth in four media, namely malt extract agar (MEA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), corn meal agar (CMA) and yeast malt agar (YMA) were measured. Both species grow in the range of 4 to 30°C, but not at >37°C. DNA sequence analyses based on wider taxon sampling and LSU dataset revealed that there is a high phylogenetic diversity of species of Absidia.

The new hyphomycetous genus Lentimurispora, based on L. urniformis sp. nov. collected from decaying wood in Phayao, Thailand, is introduced. It is characterized by micronematous conidiophores, monoblastic conidiogenous cells, and muriform, lenticular conidia with dark brown central cells and paler peripheral cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined LSU, SSU and TEF1α sequences data of 110 taxa was carried out to infrer their phylogenetic relationships. The new genus formed a well-supported monophyletic clade with Bahusandhika indica, Berkleasmium micronesicum and Be. nigroapicale within Pleosporales. A new family, Lentimurisporaceae is established to accommodate this clade. Divergence times establishment was performed and the results showed that the new family was diverged approximately 78 (49–118) MYA.

During our investigation of saprobic fungi on Juniper (Cupressaceae) of Uzbekistan, two novel species of Holmiella were collected from the host Juniperus. These new species are introduced based on morphological and molecular evidence, the latter generated to investigate their phylogenetic relationships. Taxonomic notes are also provided for the two previously described species of Holmiella. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on analyses of ribosomal DNA (ITS, LSU and SSU regions) of Holmiella species, strongly supports the three currently recognized taxa (H. junipericola, H. juniperi-semiglobosae and H. sabina) as a monophyletic group. The two novel species are morphologically distinct from H. sabina, the type species, with respect to size of ascomata, asci and ascospores, ascospore globules and peridium structure. Descriptions and illustrations, as well as notes on the taxonomy, and phylogenetic characterization of two new species are provided. An identification key to the four accepted species of Holmiella is also provided.

To clarify phylogenetic relationships among Aquanectria, Cosmospora, Fusicolla and other related taxa in Nectriaceae, we examined detailed morphological characters and performed cladistic analyses of a concatenated dataset based on the ITS, LSU and β-tubulin DNA sequences of fungal specimens collected from freshwater habitats in China. A new genus, Cosmosporella, is described to accommodate C. olivacea as its type species. Cosmospora obscura is transferred to Cosmosporella based on morphological similarities and phylogenetic support. Aquanectria jacinthicolor, a freshwater lignicolous taxon, characterized by its orange ascomata and ellipsoid ascospores with broad paraphyses is a newly described freshwater species. This species has affinities with other two known species of Aquanectria and can be distinguished based on ascospore morphology. A specimen with sexual morph of Fusicolla aquaeductuum is reported for the first time.

Melomastia is a genus of saprobic fungal species found on wood, with 29 species epithets listed in Index Fungorum. The classification of species in the genus has been a challenge due to a high degree of morphological overlap and a lack of DNA based phylogenies. The present study clarifies the phylogenetic placement of the genus and with an additional new species based on a fresh collection from Italy. The new species, Melomastia italica, is described based on morphological and relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU sequence data. Melomastia is accommodated within the family Pleurotremaceae in the class Dothideomycetes. The phylogenetic relationships and intergeneric taxonomy within the family Pleurotremaceae are revisited, while Dyfrolomyces maolanensis is transferred to the genus Melomastia.

This paper introduces a new genus Delonicicola, to accommodate D. siamense sp. nov., which was found associated with Delonix regia seed pods, collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. ITS sequence data confirmed a close relationship of Delonicicola with Liberomyces and Asteromella in Xylariomycetidae. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses of combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data provide evidence for a new family Delonicicolaceae and a new order Delonicicolales in Xylariomycetidae. Members of Delonicicolaceae are saprobes, endophytes or pathogens of angiosperms and it is characterized by pseudostromatal immersed, papillate ascomata, short pedicellate asci with a simple apex and 1-septate, hyaline ascospores. The asexual morph is coelomycetous with pycnidial conidiomata and allantoid, filiform or bacilloid, hyaline conidia.

The family Gloniaceae is represented by the genera Glonium (plant saprobes) and Cenococcum (ectomycorrhizae). This work adds to the knowledge of the family, by introducing a new taxon from dead scales of pine cones collected on the ground in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Analysis of a combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence dataset matrix placed it in Gloniaceae and Purpurepithecium murisporum gen. et sp. nov. is introduced to accommodate the new taxon. The genus is characterized by erumpent to superficial, navicular hysterothecia, with a prominent longitudinal slit, branched pseudoparaphyses in a gel matrix, with a purple pigmented epithecium, hyaline to dark brown muriform ascospores and a Psiloglonium stygium-like asexual morph which is produced in culture. The new taxon is illustrated and compared with similar genera.

Helicosporous hyphomycetes are a morphologically fascinating group of Tubeufiales. Ten dematiaceous helicosporous asexual morphs and two sexual morphs collected from aquatic habitats are characterized in this study using morphological features and phylogenetic analyses. Four new species of Neoacanthostigma, viz. N. aquaticum, N. brunneisporum, N. guangxiense and N. latisporum, are described and illustrated. The phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU and TEF1α sequence data place all taxa in the genus Neoacanthostigma (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales) and provide evidence to support the establishment of the new taxa. The differentiating morphological characters of Neoacanthostigma with other helicosporous species are compared and discussed. A key to all Neoacanthostigma species is also provided.

Leaves of Magnolia liliifera were selected to evaluate fungal diversity, and succession of fungi during leaf decomposition, and the effect of baiting on fungal diversity. The leaf samples were from Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Twenty-three taxa were identified on senescent leaves of M. liliifera during the decay process. Distinct fungal communities were observed with the dominant species on the leaves being different at each succession stage. The most abundant fungal species were Hyponectria sp. 1 (on 60% of leaves), Volutella sp. 1 (60%), Gliocladium sp. 3 (37.1%), Corynespora cassiicola (34.3%), Bionectria ochroleuca (25.7%), Cylindrocladium floridanum (22.8%), Phaeosphaeria sp. (17.1%), Dactylaria longidentata (11.4%) and Lasiosphaeria sp. (11.4%). Leaf bait trials did not show any noticeable effect on fungal diversity when either the upper or lower leaf surface was adjacent to the forest floor. Highest fungal diversity on leaves of M. liliifera occurred between day 4 and 40, with most species being present on day 40. On day 56, leaves were found to be skeletonized, and the fungal communities had decreased in number.

The diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi along a north-south latitudinal gradient are currently being studied in Asia. In this paper, we report on 18 collections of asexual morphs of Tubeufiaceae from submerged wood in rivers, streams and a lake in Yunnan Province, China. Taxa are characterized based on morphological characters and analyses of ITS, LSU and TEF1α sequence data. The new genera, Muripulchra with a single species, M. aquatica and Neohelicomyces with three new taxa (N. aquaticus, N. grandisporus, N. submersus) are introduced. Muripulchra is characterized by micronematous conidiophores and obpyriform, septate to muriform conidia. Neohelicomyces is characterized macronematous conidiophores and multi-septate, helicoid conidia. Tubeufia aquatica is introduced as a new species and its phylogenetic relationships with other taxa is discussed. The phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated ITS, LSU and TEF1α dataset place all collections in the family Tubeufiaceae (Tubeufiales) and provide evidence to support the establishment of our new taxa. The asexual morph of Tubeufia cylindrothecia, the type species of Helicomyces (H. roseus) are described herein, phylogenetic relationships assessed and reference specimens are given for these two species. Descriptions and illustrations for the new genera and species are provided with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.

The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Basidiomycota, descriptions are provided for Botryobasidium fusisporum sp. Nov., B.Triangulosporum sp. Nov., Cantharellus hydnoides sp. Nov. and Hydnum aerostatisporum sp. Nov. in Cantharellales; Lactarius rahjamalensis sp. Nov. and Russula pseudoaurantiophylla sp. Nov. in Russulales and for Mycena paraguayensis comb. nov. in Agaricales. In Ascomycota and hyphomycetes, descriptions are provided for Colletotrichum eryngiicola sp. Nov. (Glomerellales), Corynesporella indica sp. Nov. (incertae sedis) and Repetophragma zygopetali sp. Nov. (Microthyriales). Fil: Buyck, Bart. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia Fil: Duhem, Bernard. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia Fil: Das, Kanad. Botanical Survey; India Fil: Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.. Beijing Academy Of Agriculture And Forestry Sciences; China. Mae Fah Luang University; Tailandia Fil: Niveiro, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Pereira, Olinto L.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Brasil Fil: Prasher, Indu B.. Panjab University Chandigarh; India Fil: Adhikari, Sinchan. University of Kalyani; India Fil: Alberto, Edgardo Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; Argentina Fil: Bulgakov, Timur S.. Southern Federal University; Rusia Fil: Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F.. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”; Cuba Fil: Hembrom, Manoj E.. University of Kalyani; India Fil: Hyde, Kevin D.. Mae Fah Luang University; Tailandia. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Lewis, David P.. Bleakwood; Estados Unidos Fil: Michlig, Silvia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Nuytinck, Jorinde. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Países Bajos Fil: Parihar, Arvind. Botanical Survey; India Fil: Popoff, Orlando Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ramírez, Natalia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Silva, Meiriele da. Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Brasil Fil: Verma, Rajnish K.. Panjab University Chandigarh; India Fil: Hofstetter, Valérie. Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station ACW; Suiza

The genus Anthostomella is heterogeneous and recent DNA based studies have shown that species are polyphyletic across Xylariaceae. In this study, we present a morphology based, taxonomic treatment, coupled with a molecular phylogenetic reassessment of relationships within Anthostomella. This has resulted in the establishment of two new genera, eight new combinations and three new species among anthostomella-like taxa. Seventeen strains from 16 anthostomella-like species have been revisited. A re-description of morphological characters among these taxa suggests that Anthostomella can be circumscribed based on immersed ascomata, cylindrical asci with short pedicels and pigmented, equilateral ascospores with germ slits, while Anthostomelloides is characterized by oblong-ellipsoidal ascospores lacking germ slits. Anthostomella brabeji, A. forlicesenica, A. leucospermi and A. proteae are transferred to Anthostomelloides. Pseudoanthostomella gen. nov., possesses solitary ascomata, as well as asci with apical rings and is closely related to Neoanthostomella, but can be distinguished based on a combination of characters, such as multiple ascomata and asci completely lacking apical rings. Anthostomella conorum, A. delitescens and A. sepelibilis are reallocated to Pseudoanthostomella with two new species, P. pini-nigrae and P. senecionicola. Neoanthostomella viticola sp. nov. is added to the previously monotypic genus Neoanthostomella. Alloanthostomella gen. nov is introduced to accommodate Anthostomella rubicola. The only anthostomella-like genus diagnosed with hyaline ascospores so far, is Alloanthostomella gen. nov. This study represents a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study based on four independent molecular markers (ITS, 28S rDNA, RPB2 and β-tubulin) with a broad taxon sampling across Anthostomella.

Five new dematiaceous hyphomycetes isolated from decaying wood submerged in freshwater in northern Thailand are described. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data place these hitherto unidentified taxa close to Ascotaiwania and Bactrodesmiastrum. A robust clade containing a new combination Pseudoascotaiwania persoonii, Bactrodesmiastrum species, Plagiascoma frondosum and three new species, are introduced in the new order Fuscosporellales (Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes). A sister relationship for Fuscosporellales with Conioscyphales, Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales is strongly supported by sequence data. Taxonomic novelties introduced in Fuscosporellales are four monotypic genera, viz. Fuscosporella, Mucispora, Parafuscosporella and Pseudoascotaiwania. A new taxon in its asexual morph is proposed in Ascotaiwania based on molecular data and cultural characters.

Herpotrichiellaceae is an interesting, but confused family in Chaetothyriales; the latter has been considered to represent a natural and well-defined group. A new genus Melanoctona was collected on decaying wood of Tectona grandis in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand and is introduced in Herpotrichiellaceae. It has a unique combination of morphological and phylogenetic characters. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU and SSU sequence data place Melanoctona in a distinct lineage in Herpotrichiellaceae. Melanoctona is distinguished from other genera in Herpotrichiellaceae by its hyphomycetous formation and muriform, ellipsoidal to ovoid, brown to dark brown conidia. Minimelanolocus yunnanensis sp. nov. is also introduced. This species inhabits decaying wood in freshwater streams and rivers in Yunnan Province, China. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of combined ITS, LSU and SSU sequence data, as well as a distinct morphology provide evidence for this new species. Comprehensive descriptions and illustrations of Melanoctona tectonae gen. et sp. nov. and Minimelanolocus yunnanensis sp. nov. are provided with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Minimelanolocus yunnanensis is compared with morphologically similar taxa.

Phaeodimeriella is an epiphytic or pathogenic genus that occurs on plant surfaces associated with other fungi and belongs in the family Pseudoperisporiaceae (Dothideomycetes family, incertae sedis). The taxonomy of Phaeodimeriella has been problematic because of lack of molecular data and as some of the important morphological characters having not been reported. The present study clarifies the phylogenetic placement of Phaeodimeriella using fresh collections from northern Thailand. Two Phaeodimeriella species are characterized based on combined analyses of LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence datasets. In the phylogenetic analyses, the two Phaeodimeriella species form a distinct lineage, adjacent to the Lentitheciaceae and Bambusicolaceae, in the order Pleosporales. The genus Phaeodimeriella is re-described and illustrated using modern concepts from fresh collections and provided with molecular data. The new species Phaeodimeriella cissampeli and P. dilleniae are introduced based on morphological cha...

In order to establish phylogenetic relationships and resolve a natural classification for species of Dothideomycetes, it is necessary to use multi-gene phylogeny as well as morphology. In this paper we introduce a novel genus, Juncaceicola collected from Italy, in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae, with three new species, Juncaceicola achilleae on dead twigs of Achillea millefolium, J. dactylidis on dead twigs of Dactylidis sp. and J. luzulae on dead herbaceous stems of Luzula nivea. Juncaceicola is characterized by globose to subglobose ascomata with a minute papilla, a peridium composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells arranged in a textura angularis to textura prismatica, cylindric-clavate asci with a short pedicel and yellowish brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform, 3–4-septate ascospores, with the second cell from the apex enlarged. Descriptions and illustrations for each novel taxon and a key for morphological character differences are provided. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU and SSU sequence data support ...

Members of the family Sporormiaceae are mostly saprobic on dung, but sometimes occur on other substrates, including plant debris, soil and wood. They have also been isolated as endophytes. The taxonomy and classification of the family is based on a small number of morphological and ecological characters. Several taxa are easily confused by their shared morphological features, and the relationships between genera are inadequately recognized and in need of critical study. In recent treatments, the genera Chaetopreussia, Pleophragmia, Preussia, Sporormia, Sporomiella, Spororminula and Westerdykella were included in the family. During our survey on various hosts and habitats in Italy we obtained several interesting ascomycetous fungi from Spartium junceum. In this paper we introduce Sparticola and Forliomyces gen. nov. with three new species, namely Forliomyces uniseptata, Sparticola forlicesenae and Sparticola junci in the family Sporormiaceae based on multi-locus phylogeny together with morphology....

Rhytidhysteron (Hysteriaceae) species are widely distributed as saprobes or weak pathogens on a wide range of woody plants. In this study, several Rhytidhysteron collections were made in northern Thailand and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were used to resolve the phylogenetic boundaries of species. Two novel species, R. thailandicum and R. neorufulum are introduced, based on morphological traits and multi-gene phylogeny. The genus is revised with a key to species. Fil: Thambugala, Kasun M.. Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research; Tailandia. Mae Fah Luang University; Tailandia Fil: Hyde, Kevin D.. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research; Tailandia. Mae Fah Luang University; Tailandia. Chinese Academy of Science. Kunming Institute of Botany; China Fil: Eungwanichayapant, Prapassorn D.. Mae Fah Luang University; China Fil: Romero, Andrea Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina Fil: Liu, Zuo-Yi. Guizhou Academy Of Agricultural Sciences; China

We are studying microfungi growing on Poaceae hosts in different geographical regions and in this study we introduce Kwanghwana miscanthi Karun., C.H.Kuo & K.D.Hyde, gen. et sp. nov., based on phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of four loci used in combination (three ribosomal (LSU, SSU and ITS) and one protein coding region (TEF1-α)) and on morphological characters. This new genus, including a single species isolated from Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K.Schum. & Lauterb., is molecularly distinct from closely related genera, Neostagonosporella C.L.Yang, X.L.Xu & K.D.Hyde, Setophoma Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley and Edenia M.C.Gonzalez, A.L.Anaya, Glenn, Saucedo & Hanlin. Kwanghwana miscanthi Karun., C.H.Kuo & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov., also differs from Neostagonosporella and Setophoma by having subglobose ascomata, irregularly thickened peridium, cellular, septate and branched pseudoparaphyses, and fusiform, broadly fusoid, 3-septate ascospores.

Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae Pavlic, T.I.Burgess & M.J.Wingf. and P. ardesiacum Pavlic, T.I.Burgess & M.J.Wingf. were collected from branches and twigs of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. in Phayao Province, northern Thailand. Pseudofusicoccum Mohali, Slippers & M.J.Wingf. is known only by its asexual morph. Here, we report the sexual morph of P. adansoniae based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS, LSU, TEF1 and β-tubulin dataset. The sexual morph is characterized by immersed, uniloculate ascomata, cylindric-clavate asci with a long pedicel, a well-developed ocular chamber and short clavate, hyaline, aseptate ascospores, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Descriptions, illustrations and molecular data are provided for the taxa.

Marine diatrypaceous fungi are associated with many host species, including Avicennia spp., Halosarceia halocnemoides (Nees) Paul G.Wilson, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce, Salicornia sp., Rhizophora apiculata Blume and Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk. Accurate morphological identification of individual taxa of this family is difficult, as previous classifications generally lack sequence data. We provide a detailed account of all known marine diatrypaceous taxa and determine their phylogenetic and morphological relationships. A novel genus Halocryptovalsa Dayarathne & K.D.Hyde, gen. nov. is established to accommodate Halocryptovalsa salicorniae Dayarathne & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov., and Halocryptovalsa avicenniae, comb. nov. (synonym of Cryptovalsa avicenniae). Three novel species Cryptosphaeria avicenniae Devadatha & V.V.Sarma, sp. nov., Cryptosphaeria halophila Dayarathne & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov., and Diatrype mangrovei Dayarathne & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov., are introduced from mangroves. Halodiatrype is amended with asexual morph characters.

We are studying dothideomycetes with muriform ascospores and in this paper provide an account of those species in Amniculicolaceae. In this family muriform ascospores are only known in the genus Murispora. In this paper we introduce the new species M. fagicola (on dead branches of Fagus sylvatica), M. galii (on dead twigs of Galium sp.), M. cardui (on dead twigs of Carduus sp.), M. medicaginicola (on dead twigs of Medicago sp), M. cicognanii (on dead branches of Clematis sp.) and M. hawksworthii (on dead twigs of an unknown woody plant), collected from Italy and the UK. Descriptions, illustrations and justifications for the novelty are provided for each taxon. Morphological character differences and analysis of combined LSU, SSU and EF1-α sequence datasets support the validity of the new species and their placement in Murispora in Amniculicolaceae. The asexual morph of M. hawksworthii was established from single ascospore isolates.

The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Ascomycota, descriptions are provided for Ceramothyrium ficus (Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes), Lachnum fusiforme (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales), four new species in Dothideomycetes, namely Micropeltis dendrophthoes (Microthyriales), Montagnula bellevaliae and M. scabiosae (Pleosporales), Scorias mangiferae (Capnodiales), as well as for Mucodor coffeanum (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes). In Basidiomycota, three new subgenera are introduced in Russula (Russulales).

Neomicrothyrium is an epiphytic genus that forms small black dots on the surface of living or dead fallen leaves, although it rarely causes any damage to the host. Based on its flattened thyriothecia, it was considered that Neomicrothyrium belongs in the order Microthyriales, a group of fungi that is relatively poorly studied. "Microthyriaceae"- like taxa appearing as small black dots on leaves were collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, and studied using morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses. As a result of molecular and morphological study, we established that Neomicrothyrium is linked to the asexual genus Zeloasperisporium and that we had collected two new taxa. Two new species, Zeloasperisporium ficusicola and Z. wrightiae are therefore introduced in this study based on morphology and phylogeny. Neomicrothyrium is linked to Zeloasperisporium and is therefore synonymized under the older name Zeloasperisporium. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU and SSU rDNA sequence data indicate that Zeloasperisporiaceae belong in the class Dothideomycetes, but clusters with Natipusillales in a distinct lineage from Microthyriales. We therefore introduce a new order, Zeloasperisporiales to accommodate the family Zeloasperisporiaceae. The life cycle of Zeloasperisporium species is remarkable. The sexual morph produces ascomata on the leaf surface and appears to lack any other structures and it is unclear how the ascomata obtain nutrients. The asexual morph produces conidia which can be found on the surface of plants, or in air, but it is also unclear how conidia obtain their nutrients. In this study, isolates from the sexual morph produced asexual morphs in culture.

An ophiosphaerella-like species was collected from dead stems of a grass (Poaceae) in Northern Thailand. Combined analysis of LSU, SSU and RPB2 gene data, showed that the species clusters with Lentithecium arundinaceum, Setoseptoria phragmitis and Stagonospora macropycnidia in the family Lentitheciaceae and is close to Katumotoa bambusicola and Ophiosphaerella sasicola. Therefore, a monotypic genus, Poaceascoma is introduced to accommodate the scolecosporous species Poaceascoma helicoides. The species has similar morphological characters to the genera Acanthophiobolus, Leptospora and Ophiosphaerella and these genera are compared.

Three collections of coelomycetes producing brown spores have been subjected to morphological and molecular data analyses. Two of them have phragmosporous conidia and are morphologically similar to Camarosporium hederae which has the distinct morphology of Camarosporium sensu stricto. The other collection with muriform conidia is morphologically similar to Camarosporium sensu stricto but has paraphyses. Based on morphology and molecular data analyses of combined LSU and SSU rDNA sequences, two new genera are introduced viz. Phragmocamarosporium (in Lentitheciaceae) and Suttonomyces (in Massarinaceae).

The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Ascomycota, descriptions are provided for Bambusistroma didymosporum gen. et spec. nov. (Pleosporales), Neodeightonia licuriensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriales) and Camposporium himalayanum sp. nov. (Fungi imperfecti). In Zygomycota, Gongronella guangdongensis sp. nov. (Mucorales) is described. Finally, in Basidiomycota descriptions are provided for Boidinia parva sp. nov. and Russula katarinae sp. nov. (Russsulales), Gloiocephala parvinelumbonifolia sp. nov. (Agaricales), Hypochnicium austrosinensis sp. nov. (Polyporales), Phallus ultraduplicatus sp. nov. (Phallales) and Suillus lariciphilus sp. nov. (Boletales).

Broomella and Hyalotiella are poorly known genera in Amphisphaeriaceae. Both genera are known from morphological descriptions, but lack molecular data, thus their generic placement and relationships with other genera are unclear. Three collections of Amphisphaeriaceae were made from dead twigs of Clematis in Italy, and two from Spartium species and were identified as Broomella and Hyalotiella species. In order to obtain a phylogenetic understanding of Broomella and Hyalotiella within the family Amphisphaeriaceae, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis based on LSU gene data. Results show that these five isolates represent two distinct genera. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic data, the three isolates form Clematis are shown to be conspecific with Broomella vitalbae. In this paper we designated an epitype with a sexual and asexual morph for B. vitalbae to stabilize the understanding of the genus. The two strains from Spartium fit within the generic concepts of Hyalotiella, but sequence data for Hyalotiella species are presently lacking. Hyalotiella spartii sp. nov. is introduced based on its host association and morphological characters.

Vamsapriya comprises two species from bamboo and is characterized by erect, rigid, dark brown, synnematous conidiophores, monotretic conidiogenous cells and brown to dark brown, septate, conidia in chains. Vamsapriya indica, the generic type of Vamsapriya, was recollected and isolated from bamboo culms in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand and is described, illustrated and epitypified in this paper. Two new species in the genus were also discovered and are introduced as V. khunkonensis and V. bambusicola. The new species differs from the type and the other known species, V. mahabaleshwarensis, in the shape and size of the conidia. Maximum-parsimony (MP) analysis of combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and Bayesian analysis based on multi-gene data set of beta-tubulin, ITS, LSU, and RPB2 show Vamsapriya belongs in Xylariaceae, Xylariales.

— A new taxon of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Arrhenatherum and Dactylis was collected in Italy. Single ascospore isolates were obtained and formed asexual morphs in culture. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis was carried out using ITS, LSU nrDNA and EF1-α sequence data and the resulting phylogenetic tree showed that new species clustered in Botryosphaeriaceae together with Tiarosporella species with high bootstrap support. The new species is introduced as a sexual morph of Tiarosporella and detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided. A discussion of the asexual morphs of Tiarosporella is provided.

Species of Dothiorella are common plant pathogens or saprobes found mainly on a variety of woody hosts, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Strains of Dothiorella were isolated from the stems of Symphoricarpos sp. and Cornus sanguinea in Italy. Morphological characters, as well as phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS4, ITS5) and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes were used to characterize and distinguish the two isolates. One is conspecific to D. sarmentorum previously from Menispermum canadense collected in Sweden, and a description for this species is provided. The second species could not be assigned to any known species of Dothiorella. Dothiorella symphoricarposicola sp. nov. from Symphoricarpos is described and illustrated herein, and compared with similar Dothiorella taxa.

More than 1,000 species of bambusicolous fungi have been reported worldwide, although most lack modern morphological description and phylogenetic investigation. Two species of bambusicolous fungi were collected in northern Thailand. Based on morphological characters, and on a comparison with type specimens, they were determined to be Pteridiospora javanica and Roussoellopsis macrospora. In a multigene phylogenetic analysis Pteridiospora javanica formed a sister clade with Astrosphaeriella stellata, while Roussoellopsis macrospora clustered with R. tosaensis in Roussoellaceae. Because the current placement of Astrosphaeriella in Dothideomycetes cannot presently be resolved, the family placement of Pteridiospora javanica is also unresolved. Based on morphology and phylogeny we epitypify our strains under the names Pteridiospora javanica and Roussoellopsis macrospora. Asexual states are also described for both species.

Camarosporium is a large coelomycetous genus which was formerly recognised as an asexual state in Botryosphaeriales and Cucurbitariaceae. In the present study, we collected several Camarosporium-like taxa in Europe (Germany and Italy) and carried out morpho-molecular analyses. Molecular analyses (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and MrBayes) of combined LSU and SSU gene datasets show that the Camarosporium-like taxa are polyphyletic in Pleosporales. Camarosporium quaternatum, the type species of Camarosporium clusters in the suborder Pleosporinae with five other Camarosporium species. This clade is supported by high bootstrap and PP values and is distinct from other well-established families in Pleosporinae. Other Camarosporium-like taxa grouped in Montagnulaceae (Massarineae) as two phylogenetically distinct clades and are introduced as two new genera, viz. Paracamarosporium and Pseudocamarosporium. Paracamarosporium is morphologically distinct as it has paraphyses and microconidia, while Pseudocamarosporium lacks both of these characters. Since Camarosporium comprises a large number of species epithets, re-collection and morpho-molecular studies of other Camarosporium-like taxa is essential.

Dematiopleospora mariae, isolated from Ononis spinosa collected in Forli-Cesena Province in Italy, is introduced as a new ascomycete genus and species based on morphology and combined LSU and SSU sequence analyses. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Mr Bayes all support Dematiopleospora as being a distinct genus within the Phaeosphaeriaceae. Dematiopleospora is distinguished from other genera in this family in having ascospores whose central cells have longitudinal septa with light end cells, ascomata with a thick peridium and necks comprising short, light brown setae. Phylogenetic analysis also separates Dematiopleospora from other genera in the Phaeosphaeriaceae. Dematiopleospora forms a sister group with Entodesmium and Chaetosphaeronema, but these three genera are clearly separated in the molecular analysis with relatively high bootstrap support (89% and 99% respectively). The new genus is compared with similar genera of Phaeosphaeriaceae and a comprehensive description, and micrographs are provided.

Two novel species, Pestalotiopsis shorea from Shorea obtusa and P. simitheae from Pandanus sp. were isolated in Thailand. They are introduced in this paper on the basis of morphological and molecular characteristics. P. shorea differs in morphology from its closely related species, P. adusta, by its shorter, tubular apical appendages and brown median cells; P. simitheae can be separated from its sister species, P. theae, by its shorter apical appendages, larger length/width ratio and colony with irregular edge and being orange on reverse of PDA plates. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined sequence dataset from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial β-tubulin and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef??1) gene loci, confirms their distinct phylogenetic positions in the genus with strong support.

A new coelomycetous genus, Pustulomyces, inhabiting decaying bamboo, is introduced based on morpho-molecular studies. Pustulomyces is characterized by immersed, pustule-like, acervular conidiomata, with dark ostiolar necks, enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells with a small collarette and fusiform, sigmoid, aseptate, guttulate conidia. In morphology it is similar with Bambusicola (Bambusicolaceae), but maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the combined LSU and TEF-1 alpha sequence data set shows Pustulomyces belongs in Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales. The new fungus is compared with other morphologically and phylogenetically similar genera.

A new species of Eriosporella, E. bambusicola, is described from bamboo in Northern Thailand. Eriosporella is monotypic genus of coelomycetous fungi known from palms and bamboo and characterized by hyaline conidia which have a short basal cell and three slender divergent apical arms. Maximum-likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses of combined LSU and SSU rDNA sequence data set show E. bambusicola to belong to the Capnodiales where it forms a cluster with Pseudoramichloridium. Its relationships with other genera are unresolved and therefore considered as Capnodiales incertae sedis. The tree needs to be better populated with sequence data from more related species to clarify the familial placement of this genus.

A Dothideomycete species, associated with leaf spots of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), was collected from Nakhonratchasima Province, Thailand. A single ascospore isolate was obtained and formed the asexual morph in culture. ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1α gene regions were sequenced and analyzed with molecular data from related taxa. In a phylogenetic analysis the new isolate clustered with Leptosphaerulina americana, L. arachidicola, L. australis and L. trifolii (Didymellaceae) and the morphology was also comparable with Leptosphaerulina species. Leptosphaerulina saccharicola is introduced to accommodate this new collection which is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from other species of Leptosphaerulina. A detailed description and illustration is provided for the new species, which is compared with similar taxa. The type specimen of Pleosphaerulina oryzae, is transferred to Leptosphaerulina. It is redescribed and is a distinct species from L. australis, with which it was formerly synonymized. Leptosphaerulina species have been linked to Pithomyces but the lack of phylogenetic support for this link is discussed. The character of the asexual morph of Leptosphaerulina, which is similar to Pithomyces, may to have evolved on separate occasions.

Scolicosporium minkeviciusii, was newly collected in Italy, and subjected to morpho-molecular analyses. Morphological characters clearly indicate that this species is a coelomycete. Combined maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony analyses of LSU and SSU gene sequence data of S. minkeviciusii grouped it in Phaeosphaeriaceae with Phaeosphaeria nodorum, P. oryzcie and Stagonospora foliicola, although the type species of Scolicosporium, S. macrosporium, which has not been sequenced, is considered to belong in the family Pleomassariaceae. In this study, we designate an epitype for Scolicosporium minkeviciusii. The placement of S. macrosporium and Scolicosporium sensu stricto remains uncertain and further morpho-molecular studies are necessary to confirm the taxonomic placement of this type species and to delimit this genus.

A new mangrove fungus collected in Tioman Island, Malaysia, is morphologically similar to marine species of Saccardoella. It also phylogenetically groups with Saccardoella rhizophorae in the Dothideomycetes, based on combined analysis of partial SSU, LSU rRNA and TEF1 gene sequences. The new fungus and S. rhizophorae form a well-supported clade with Acrospermum spp. in the Acrospermaceae. Both species therefore do not belong in Saccardoella, a genus with unitunicate asci. A new genus, Dyfrolomyces, is established to accommodate the new fungus (Dyfrolomyces tiomanensis) while the three marine Saccardoella species (S. mangrovei, S. marinospora, S. rhizophorae) are transferred to the new genus. Dyfrolomyces is characterized by forming a clypeus on substrates, with immersed perithecial ascomata, bitunicate/fissitunicate asci and multi-septate ascospores with/without a sheath. Since D. rhizophorae and D. tiomanensis do not cluster with any known families in the Dothideomycetes, a new family, Dyfrolomy...

Thirty-eight strains of Colletotrichum were isolated from diseased Citrus leaves in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces in China. Based on morphological characters and multilocus sequence data, the strains were identified as C. boninense (1 strain), C. brevispora (1), C. fructicola (2), C. gloeosporioides (29), C. karstii (2), C. simmondsii (1) and Colletotrichum murrayae; the latter represents a new species which is described in this paper. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was originally isolated from Citrus sinensis in southern Italy and was the most common species associated with diseased leaves of Citrus in China.

Coelomycetes are significant fungi, being important plant pathogens responsible for a wide range of diseases worldwide and utilized in industry with some being prolific producers of novel compounds. Morphological identification of genera and species, and species complexes of cryptic taxa is difficult because of the dearth of distinctive morphological characters. With molecular techniques at our disposal we can now begin to understand the phylogeny and complexity of these poorly studied organisms. Large numbers of genera have to be recollected and restudied using molecular techniques. Herbarium material and living cultures must be deposited as a result of future studies and where possible species (and genera) must be epitypified. These efforts will help in the reclassification and phylogeny of the coelomycetes, understanding species complexes and will provide important data for future plant pathology, quarantine and industrial needs.

During an ongoing study of marine fungi growing on Avicennia marina in the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia, a new coelomycete was collected in the genus Amarenographium. The new species is characterized by muriform, brown conidia with one polar gelatinous cap and sheath and holoblastic phialidic conidiogenesis. Amarenographium solium sp. nov. differs from the two known species of Amarenographium by the large size of its pycnidia, a thick (62–75 µm) two-layered peridial wall of the conidiomata that appears as textura epidermoidea in surface view and conidia with one apical appendage. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences showed that the new species and thus genus Amarenographium grouped consistently with Medicopsis romeroi with high bootstrap support and form a basal clade to the families: Montagnulaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae, order Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Species of Diaporthe are important phytopathogens with wide host ranges and a global distribution. In the present study multi-locus phylogeny based on combined sequences of rDNA ITS, and partial sequences from the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF 1-α), β tubulin (TUB) and calmodulin (CAL) genes, reveal three new species from fresh collections made in northern Thailand. The new species Diaporthe siamensis, D. thunbergii and D. pterocarpicola are introduced in this paper with full descriptions and comparison with similar taxa. Phomopsis pterocarpi which is epitypified and synonymised under Diaporthe pterocarpi is described based on a collection from northern Thailand.

Three coelomycetous ascomycetes, Acrocalymma aquatic sp. nov., Aquasubmersa mircensis gen. & sp. nov., and Clohesyomyces aquaticus are reported from northern Thailand. All taxa are characterized, illustrated and subjected to awnalyses of LSU, SSU and/or ITS rDNA gene sequence data to establish their phylogenetic placement in the ascomycetes. Acrocalymma is a monotypic genus in a distinct lineage of Pleosporales which is basal to Morosphaeriaceae as confirmed by our combined SSU and LSU analysis. Acrocalymma aquatica sp. nov., differs in morphology and gene sequence data from other species in the genus. Aquasubmersa mircensis gen. et sp. nov. is phylogenetically unrelated to any other dothideomycetous genus and is introduced as a new genus. Sequence data from Clohesyomyces aquaticus facilitated its accommodation in Lindgomycetaceae.

Bambusicola, gen. nov., is introduced for four new saprobic taxa from culms of bamboos in northern Thailand. One species, chosen as the generic type, has both sexual and asexual morphs, one species has the sexual morph only and two species have the asexual morph only. The four new species, Bambusicola massarinia, B. bambusae, B. irregulispora and B. splendida are illustrated and described. Isolates of each species were sequenced using LSU, SSU and ITS genes and phylogenetic analysis shows the genus to be a distinct clade in the suborder “Massarineae”. Morphological differences between Bambusicola and some related genera are noted. Bambusicola is characterized by small, cone-shaped ascomata, slightly broad and fusiform ascospores and a coelomycete asexual morph with light brown conidia. Bambusicola clusters in Trematosphaeriaceae, but the closeness of this relationship cannot be resolved.

Specimens of a new Pestalotiopsis species were obtained from leaves of Trachycarpus fortunei from Kunming Botany Garden, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, where it caused serious leaf blotch and defoliation in the garden. Single ascospore isolates from the teleomorph produced identical colonies with black slimy conidial masses. Morphological characteristics of the conidia produced in culture accorded well with the genus Pestalotiopsis. Based on morphological characters and molecular analysis, Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola sp. nov. is introduced and both its asexual and sexual forms are described.

In this paper Agaricus megalosporus sp. nov. is introduced with a description, line drawings, color photographs. Its novelty is supported both by its morphology and phylogenetic analysis. A. megalosporus is characterized by medium to large fruiting bodies, a heavily fibrillose squamulose stipe and relatively large basidiospores. This new species is compared with some morphologically similar species. ITS sequence data analysis by maximum likelihood, unweighted parsimony and Bayesian analysis shows that A. megalosporus should be placed in section Minores.