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Five new Pb(ii) complexes of hydrazone-based and Schiff-based ligands and three different anionic co-ligands (azide, thiocyanate and bromide) have been synthesized and characterized by structural, analytical and spectroscopic methods. This variety of ligands can coordinate to the Pb(ii) metal center in a tridentate or tetradentate fashion via a different combination of any of nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur donor atoms. Moreover, the organic ligands can be in mono-deprotonated or neutral forms. By using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, we show that the synthesized complexes aggregate into larger supramolecular entities due to the formation of noncovalent tetrel bonding interactions. The Pb(ii) center is hemidirectionally coordinated even in those complexes where the coordination number is six. Consequently, this is sterically ideal for establishing tetrel bonding interactions with electron-rich nitrogen, bromide or sulphur atoms. These contacts are significantly larger than the sums of the covalent radii. Hence, they can be described as non-covalent tetrel bonding interactions. They interconnect the covalently bonded units into supramolecular assemblies (dimers or tetramers). The contribution of contacts involving the Pb atom has been studied using Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots. We have analysed the supramolecular assemblies observed in the solid state by means of DFT calculations and characterized them using Bader's theory of atoms-in-molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new Pb(ii) complexes of nicotinoylhydrazone and picolinoylhydrazone-based ligands and three different anionic co-ligands (acetate, thiocyanate and iodide) have been synthesized and characterized by structural, analytical and spectroscopic methods. The ligands coordinate to the Pb(ii) metal center in a tridentate fashion via two nitrogen and one oxygen donor atoms either in mono-deprotonated or in neutral forms. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography reveals that the molecular complexes aggregate into larger entities depending upon the anion coordinated to the metal centre. The Pb(ii) center is hemidirectionally coordinated and, consequently, it is sterically ideal for establishing tetrel bonding interactions. Consequently, in the crystal structures of all the complexes, the Pb participates in short contacts with nitrogen, iodide or sulphur atoms. These contacts are shorter than the sums of the van der Waals radii and larger than the sums of the covalent radii, therefore they can be defined as non-covalent tetrel bonding interactions. They interconnect the covalently bonded units (monomers or dimers) into supramolecular assemblies (1D infinite chains and 3D structures). Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots have been used to analyse the contribution of contacts involving the Pb atom. We have analysed the interesting supramolecular assemblies observed in the solid state of all four complexes by means of DFT calculations and characterized them using Bader's theory of atoms-in-molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystallography of mono-p-substituted derivatives of 1-(arylamino)-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazides, 1 (X = H), 2 (F), 3 (Cl) and 4 (Br), and a 2,5-dichloro (5) analogue, shows the molecular structures to be similar. Distinct hydrogen bonding patterns based on N–H…N and N–H…O are observed in their crystal structures with 1, having two independent molecules comprising the asymmetric unit, displaying one pattern, 2 and 5 another, and 3 and 4 yet another. Geometry optimisation calculations indicate that any conformational differences in the solid state do not persist in the gas-phase and that no influence of the substituents is seen on the geometric parameters. A natural population analysis, for both experimental and optimised structures, shows that the charge on the triazole-N3 atom is at a maximum for 1, as opposed to 2–5, an observation correlated with its distinctive packing based around a supramolecular synthon not seen in the other structures. For the molecules having electronegative substituents, molecular electrostatic potentials show that the energies of the amine-H4n atoms are reduced for 2 and 5, compared to 3 and 4. A further distinction in 2–5 is indicated by the Hirshfeld surface analysis which highlights the importance of π…π interactions in 2 and 5, i.e. with the more electronegative substituents. Clearly, there is interplay between various factors but all correlated with the influence of the electronegativity of the substituent(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid-state complex [PTPH3](NO3)3·2(HNO3) (1) has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray studies, where PTPH3 is the triply protonated form of 4′-(4-pyridyl)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (PTP). The solid-state structure of the complex reveals that the π+–π+ interactions are the major driving force in the crystal packing while π+–π, π–π and π–anion interactions assist the overall stabilization of self-assembly. Complex 1 exhibits two different π-stack layers, where layer 1 is generated through π+–π+ interactions and the mutual forces of π+–π+ and π+–π form layer 2. The interaction energies of the main driving forces (π+–π+, π+–π and π–anion interactions) observed in the crystal structure have been calculated using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D). An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface of complex 1 shows the intermolecular interactions involved within the crystal structure and corresponding quantitative information are presented by fingerprint plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear optical material l-valine hydrochloride monohydrate (VHM) was synthesized and single crystals were grown by slow evaporation of its aqueous solution at a constant temperature (42 °C). The crystal structure of VHM was redetermined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The physicochemical properties of the grown crystal were characterized by thermal and optical analysis and a measurement of hardness. The second harmonic generation efficiency of VHM was investigated by a powder method and it was found to be 0.3 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two chromone derivatives C11H10O3(1) and C11H10O2(2) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray structural studies with a detailed analysis of the Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots facilitating a comparison of intermolecular interactions in building different supramolecular architectures. The title compounds are associated through π–stacking interactions and the linear stacking of π–π forces can be thought as the influencing agent for the organization of the title compounds into hydrogen bonded supramolecular layers and are responsible as well for the strengthening of the molecular assembly. Investigation of the intermolecular interactions and crystal packing viaHirshfeld surface analysis reveals that more than two-thirds of the close contacts are associated with weak interactions. The fingerprint plots demonstrate that these weak interactions are important for both local and crystal packing. A comparison of the Hirshfeld surface in the compounds with similar substituted chromone derivatives in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpyridinium salts of hydracids [PTPH3](Br)3·H2O (1), [PTPH3](Cl)3·2H2O (2) and oxoacid [PTPH3](ClO4)3·H2O (3) (PTP = 4′-(3-pyridyl)-4,2′:6′,4′′-terpyridine) were synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The crystallographic analysis reveals that the π+⋯π, π+⋯π+, anion⋯π and anion⋯π+ interactions play a crucial role in the stabilization of the self-assembled structure, which in turn is responsible for enhancing the dimensionality of all the compounds. All the compounds confirm their usefulness as optoelectronic devices owing to the pronounced electrical conductivity and photosensitivity. Experimental and theoretical observations clarify an increase in the electrical conductivity on irradiation compared to dark conditions, especially in 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of pyridinium-carboxylate salts (1–3) were designed, synthesized and structurally characterized to explore the importance of salt-bridge (SB) interactions in building self-assembled structures. We present a comprehensive analysis of the SB interaction in crystal structures of 4,4′-oxybis(benzoic acid) with substituted aminopyridines where the SBs display extremely well defined geometric preferences. In the solid-state, compound (1) exhibits lone-pair (l.p)⋯(SB)/(SB)⋯π+ assemblies while compound (2) shows a C–H⋯(SB)/(SB)⋯π network. Interestingly, compound (3) exhibits two distinct networks π+⋯(SB)/(SB)⋯(SB)/(SB)⋯π+ and C–H⋯(SB)/(SB)⋯H–C. These extended supramolecular networks are studied and described in detail. The duality of the SBs in stabilizing the π-facial interactions with electron rich and/or electron poor moieties is also described. The energetic and geometric features of salt-bridge interaction are studied and its impact on the resultant supramolecular organization is analyzed using theoretical DFT-D3 calculations. The theoretical study combines the energetic features of the noncovalent forces that participate in the extended network and the characterization of the diverse interactions by means of Bader's theory of 'atoms in molecules'(AIM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]