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En Argentina y en la región, se observa un proceso de expansión de políticas e iniciativas en torno al desarrollo en la primera infancia como un eje de la protección social. Este proceso supone la intersección compleja de narrativas asociadas a la inversión social y el capital humano, las neurociencias y los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes. En este artículo, indago desde una perspectiva etnográfica en los usos políticos y estratégicos que despliegan actores e instituciones posicionados de forma variable y anclados en diversas trayectorias y saberes que intervienen en la producción de estas políticas. El carácter disputado de estos usos y los contradictorios procesos de institucionalización restituyeron el carácter político de estas narrativas que apelan a lenguajes con pretensión de neutralidad. La primera infancia, entonces, se demarca, antes que como un mero objeto de intervención técnica, como un nodo de disputas políticas y epistémicas.

In Argentina and the region, there is a process of expansion of policies and initiatives around early childhood development as an axis of social protection. This process involves the complex intersection of narratives associated with social investment and human capital, neurosciences, and children's rights. Through an ethnographic perspective, this article examines the political and strategic uses deployed by actors and institutions that participate in the production of these policies and that are positioned in various ways and anchored in different trajectories and knowledge. The disputed nature of these uses and the contradictory processes of institutionalization restore the political character of these narratives that appeal to seemingly neutral languages. Early childhood, then, is demarcated, rather than as a mere object of technical intervention, as a node of political and epistemic disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este escrito se desprende de una investigación que busca comprender cómo una política social de transferencia monetaria condicionada (la Asignación Universal por Hijo) se articula con las condiciones de vida y trabajo de asalariado/as agrícolas. Nuestro referente empírico está constituido por trabajadores y trabajadoras agrícolas de zonas rurales y periurbanas de las provincias de Misiones y Tucumán, que a su vez son perceptores de AUH. Específicamente el texto analiza dos cuestiones: 1- La desarticulación que se producen entre políticas laborales y políticas sociales; y 2- Las tensiones que se generan con la condicionalidad educativa vinculada a la AUH y las condiciones de vida y trabajo de sus beneficiarios.

This article reflects on the social and moral meanings of money transferred through social policies. Over the past decade a set of social policies that transfer cash to the poorest households emerged. These interventions activated debates among different expert understandings involved in the design and implementation of social policies, focusing on the conditions accompanying monetary transfers. Through ethnographic analysis, we show that debates over the meaning of the money transferred to the poorest transcend expert knowledge, enabling a set of perceptions and appreciations that connect judgments and moral evaluations about the poor and poverty. We aim at presenting how the money transferred through social policy acquires the quality of becoming public money, becoming a cultural device of interpretation.

This paper stems from research that seeks to understand how a conditional cash transfer social policy (Universal Child Allowance, AUH for its initials in Spanish) is articulated with the life and work conditions of agricultural employees. Fieldwork was conducted with agricultural workers from rural and peri-urban areas of the provinces of Misiones and Tucumán, who are in turn beneficiaries of AUH. Specifically, the text analyzes two issues: 1) the disarticulation that occurs between labor policies and social policies; and 2) the tensions generated by the educational requirements linked to the AUH and the living and working conditions of its beneficiaries. Through a qualitative-type methodology the subjects' meanings about the problem are gathered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza el régimen discursivo de género de la implementación de un programa de transferencia monetaria condicionada, el Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados en el Municipio de Moreno, en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. A partir de una metodología cualitativa centrada en entrevistas a actores institucionales, se reconstruyeron las imágenes acerca de las mujeres de menores recursos. El enfoque de economía social esgrimido por el Municipio no promovió una valoración de las competencias culturales de la totalidad de las beneficiarias. En principio, la gestión municipal habría favorecido a las mujeres que ya contaban con algunas competencias para asumir los desafíos de iniciar y mantener microemprendimientos. De esta forma, hay un régimen discursivo de género bifurcado según grupos de destinatarias, porque la construcción de imágenes en torno a las mujeres y sus condiciones de vida varía según se trate de las microemprendedoras o del resto de las beneficiarias. Se reproducen visiones tradicionales de género precisamente entre las mujeres más vulnerables.

El Bicentenario de la República de Chile se conmemoró en el mes de septiembre del año 2010. Además de marcar un importante hito histórico, coincidió con un cambio político en el Gobierno del país, el que pasó de la Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia a la Alianza de partidos formada por la derecha chilena. Se cumplieron por tanto 20 años desde que en el año 1990 cambiara el Gobierno militar presidido por el general Pinochet. Ese largo tiempo, dos décadas, coincide con un período de políticas que el Estado ha implementado hacia los Pueblos Indígenas. El Proyecto “Conmemoraciones y Memorias Subalternas” ha realizado durante el año 2010 un conjunto de investigaciones de terreno y documentales tendientes a comprender del modo más objetivo y científico lo ocurrido en el período y por tanto la situación actual de las sociedades mapuches en sus complejas relaciones con la chilena.O Bicentenario da República do Chile comemorou-se no mês de Setembro do ano 2010. Junto com transformar-se num marco histórico, coincidiu com uma mudança política no Governo do país, que passou da Concertação de Partidos pela Democracia (centro-esquerda) à Aliança de partidos formada pela direita chilena. Cumpriram-se por tanto 20 anos desde que em 1990 mudasse o Governo militar presidido pelo general Pinochet. Esse longo tempo, duas décadas, coincide com um período de políticas que o Estado implementou para com os Povos Indígenas. O Projeto “Comemorações e Memórias Subalternas” realizou durante o ano 2010 um conjunto de pesquisas de campo e documentais tendentes a compreender do modo mais objetivo e científico o ocorrido no período e, por tanto, a situação atual das sociedades mapuches em suas complexas relações com a chilena.The conmeration of the 200 years of the Independence of Chile was in September 2010. This year was also the political change from the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia to the right political wing chilean political parties. During the last 20 years the Goverment of Chile was in the hands of the center left coalition, after the dictatorship period of Gral Augusto Pinochet end in 1990. During two decades the state aplied social policies in order two develop the indigenous comunities, specially the mapuche comunities of the south of Chile. During 2010 the research proyect named “Conmemoraciones y memorias subalternas” tried to understand the current situation of the comunities, the conflict and others aspects of the indigenous situation. This paper is part of those research.

The conmeration of the 200 years of the Independence of Chile was in September 2010. This year was also the political change from the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia to the right political wing chilean political parties. During the last 20 years the Goverment of Chile was in the hands of the center left coalition, after the dictatorship period of Gral Augusto Pinochet end in 1990. During two decades the state aplied social policies in order two develop the indigenous comunities, specially the mapuche comunities of the south of Chile. During 2010 the research proyect named “Conmemoraciones y memorias subalternas” tried to understand the current situation of the comunities, the conflict and others aspects of the indigenous situation. This paper is part of those research.

Con el objetivo de indagar en las dinámicas diferenciales que adopta la aplicación de una política social nacional, realizamos un análisis comparativo de la implementación de un programa de microcréditos en dos localidades de diferentes provincias de la Argentina. Se trata del Banco Popular de la Buena Fe. El otorgamiento de los créditos implica la puesta en juego de conocimientos y saberes que operan como mecanismos de producción de relaciones tanto jerárquicas como igualitarias. En un caso, se trata de un conocimiento personal que implica la construcción de confianza mutua, poniendo en juego relaciones sociales que son entendidas en términos de igualdad y cooperación. En el otro caso, se trata de un conocimiento transmitido por un especialista, lo que implica concebir las relaciones entre quienes lo reciben y quienes lo ofrecen como jerárquicas.Nosso objetivo é indagar nas diferentes dinámicas adotadas pela aplicação de uma política social nacional; para isso temos realizado uma análise comparativa da implementação de um programa de micro-créditos em duas localidades situadas em diferentes estados ("provincias") da Argentina. Trata-se do Banco Popular de la Buena Fe. O outorgamento dos créditos põe em jogo conhecimentos e saberes que agem como mecanismos de produção de relações tanto hierárquicas quanto igualitárias. No primeiro caso, trata-se de um conhecimento pessoal construído na base da confiança recíproca e de relações sociais de igualdade e cooperação. No outro, o conhecimento é transmitido por um especialista, ou seja, a través de relações hierárquicas entre quem recebe e quem oferece.With the aim of investigating the differential dynamics that the application of a nationwide policy adopts, we develop a comparative analysis of the implementation of a micro-credit program in two towns in different Argentine Provinces, known as "Banco Popular de la Buena Fe". The conferring of loans entails the use of knowledge and skills who work as production mechanisms of hierarchical relationships, as well as egalitarian. In one case, we refer to personal knowledge that implies the construction of mutual trust, resorting to social relationships which are understood in terms of equality and cooperation. In the other case, we refer to a knowledge transmitted by a specialist, which implies conceiving hierarchical relationships between the specialist and those who receive it.

This article reflects on the social and moral meanings of money transferred through social policies. Over the past decade a set of social policies that transfer cash to the poorest households emerged. These interventions activated debates among different expert understandings involved in the design and implementation of social policies, focusing on the conditions accompanying monetary transfers. Through ethnographic analysis, we show that debates over the meaning of the money transferred to the poorest transcend expert knowledge, enabling a set of perceptions and appreciations that connect judgments and moral evaluations about the poor and poverty. We aim at presenting how the money transferred through social policy acquires the quality of becoming public money, becoming a cultural device of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the discursive gender regime in the implementation of a conditional cash transfer program, Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados (Unemployed Household Heads Plan) in the Local County of Moreno, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Based on a qualitative research method centered on interviews with institutional actors, we reconstructed the images about women with scarce resources. The social economy approach held by the municipal management did not value the cultural competencies of the entire population of female beneficiaries. In principle, the local management favored those women with competencies that allowed them to assume the challenge of starting and maintaining micro enterprises and self-employment. Thus, there is a bifurcated gender regime depending on the group of beneficiaries, because the imagery about women and their living conditions vary depending on whether they are micro entrepreneurs or not. Traditional images are reproduced, precisely, among the most vulnerable women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]