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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the foundation of the Convent "Nuestra Señora de la Salud" in Patzcuaro, Michoacan, in 1747, noting the role of the local elite and interest in the erection of this convent for Spanish women. The monastery represents one of the strategies of this group of Spaniards to strengthen the city of Patzcuaro in the conflict with Valladolid to get the capital of the bishopric. We also discuss how the Dominican convent of Patzcuaro, came to reinforce the prestige of the most important families who held the political, economic and social power of the city in the second half of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The division of government and justice in what concerns to mining in Mexico, was only possible due to two main things: the liberal discourse and a series of processes tending to burry the so called "ancient regime", despite the efforts from the latter to avoid disappearance during the XIX century. The transition, from that old order to this new one, is a process of multiple dimensions, starting from the despotic model and going through to the ideas of the creoles, and also considering the patriotic meetings, the independence, the republic, the reforms and finally the Porfirio Diaz regime. All the above led the justice administration and the function of the government, in the matter of mining, to a certain differentiation between their responsibilities, especially about the concept of sovereignty the new born country should follow. Therefore, this paper examines those questions following the norms established in mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of my paper is to make a balance in the rural school historiography in Mexico, and through it, dialogue with those made in other Latin American countries. Instead of trying to have a joint vision of rural educational development in Latin America through a supposed progress, what really interests is to go beyond national barriers with the purpose of generating a debate about the heterogeneity of different local realities and theoretical-methodological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]