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The topic of the article is the place of history in the development of cultural relations between Czechoslovakia and Italy between 1948 and 1989. Cultural relations are an inseparable part of bilateral relations between countries, and this is true in the case of the complicated relations between Czechoslovakia and Italy in the period from the rise of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1948 to its demise in 1989. History, in its various forms, also had an indispensable place in these relations. This was due to the general fact that the regime in Czechoslovakia used historical themes and adapted their content as part of its promotional action not only for its own population but also in international relations. It was also due to the specific features of the historical development of the two countries and a number of common features. This paper deals with the wide range of traces that the question of history has left in Czechoslovak-Italian relations. First, it concerns the question of historical scientific research carried out by Slovak and Czech scholars (historians or archivists) in Italy based on a cultural interstate agreement, an agreement between academies of sciences or outside the framework of agreements, and the formal and informal relations between professional historians of both countries. Another aspect examined is the place of historical themes in cultural, popularization and propaganda activities in the form of films, lectures, exhibitions, museums, celebrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of asylum generally means that a refugee sojourning in a designated place of sanctuary becomes part of this space and will be safe from harm, because he could not be extradited without the knowledge or consent of representatives of the institution granting such asylum. This paper focuses on ecclesiastical asylum in late antiquity and on the current state of research. Older works present the concept of the so-called translation theory, according to which pagan temples, entitled to privileged status of sanctuary protection and sanctioned by the state, transferred those privileges to Christian churches. The Church interprets the right of asylum as ius divinum, based on the holiness of Christian temples (reverentia loci) and as deeds of mercy (misericordia), which were incorporated in the laws of church synods and councils. There is an opposing opinion, however, stating that canonic law acquired binding validity only if formally recognized and institutionalized in the laws of Roman emperors. In the first decade of the 21st century, several authors addressed the development of the right of asylum in the transitional period between the pagan and the Christian worlds, especially how and when the granting of asylum became part of the Christian tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to point to some of the issues of the recent historiography on the orders of Templars, Johannites and Antonites in Slovakia as well as in the neighbouring central European countries. While quite many publications have been published recently, their quality varies considerably. The present paper tries to respond to some of the published data in order not to let them go unnoticed. Thus, the author wants to correct numerous errors that have appeared in the recent literature and put the record straight. That is because some of the works published today are strongly influenced by Romantic writings of the 19th century and have nothing to do with modern research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of associations in the era of dualism was growing rapidly in Košice as well as in Hungary. Statutes constitute an important primary source for the research of an association's life. The regulation by the Minister of Interior no. 1508/1875 ordered the associations to write their statutes and send them to the Minister of Interior for acceptance. Thus, the statutes were the first documents made by associations. Based on this primary source it is possible to study the creation, character and functioning of every association of that time. The aim of the paper is to analyze the statutes of associations in Košice in the era of dualism and to present possibilities of the research based on these statutes. By way of an example of the selected type of associations and the selected information excerpted from the statutes, the paper also presents the character of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sidonius Appollinaris' Epistula 2.2 is one of the best known letters of this 5th century A.D. Gallic Roman aristocrat. In his letter Sidonius invites his friend Domitius to spend a summer holiday in his rural villa called Avitacum, located in all probability in modern Aydat in the Auvergne, France. He describes the layout of the villa as well as the pleasures that are at visitors' disposal. In the paper the author introduces the historical and philological context of the letter. The main objective of the paper is to provide a modern translation of this letter for Slovak readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The town of Ružomberok, thanks to a rapid development of industry at the end of 19th century and important figures of cultural and political events (Andrej Hlinka, Karol Sidor, Vavro Šrobár a.o.) is ranked in the group of the most important cities of Slovakia, within the inter-war period. Education has not been left aside which, by means of the clerics and their grammar school, was famous beyond the borders of the kingdom. Today, hardly anyone knows that in lower Liptov, at the beginning of the last century, there were other, less important schools, mostly lower type (elementary schools). The ambition of this study is, therefore, to overcome this negative fact and enrich the history of church education with interesting knowledge acquired by regional research. The introductory part, the aim of which is to inform percipients in the broader historical context of the socio-political situation and the school system in the newly established Republic, then in the paper to turn the attention of the reader to a micro-history, where the status of Catholic schools in Ružomberok, within the period under review, is analysed. The benefits of the work in this case are the new findings about the activities of the School Sisters of St. Francis O. S. F. in Ružomberok, as well as the establishment of the Institute for Education of Kindergarten Teachers, which has so far remained on the periphery of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the conceptualisation of the relations between literature and memory is very diverse. It can be studied on the background of intertextuality, topics, canon, metaphor, and/or from the perspective of the question how to construct the memories as a narrative. A link between literature and time plays an important role, especially in autobiographic memory. A systemic theory, cognitive psychology, gender studies and media studies belong to the latest theoretical approaches concerned with literature and memory. Contemporary interdisciplinary memory research deals with the following question: to what extent can the examined phenomena be classified? Because of this, my paper has a systemic nature. It evaluates the link between literature and memory on the background of three concepts: memory of literature, memory in literature and literature as a medium of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a little explored topic. On the basis of presented data it states that the church tax aimed at defending Hungary was paid by a large number of church dignitaries. Besides secular provostries the tax also had to be paid by arch-deacons, Benedictine abbeys and Premonstratensian provostries. Based on the legal article, each church dignitary was obliged to pay half of all of his income. The question is whether it is possible to determine the group of those who really paid this tax. Using the obtained data, there is a good precondition for finding an answer to this question. In the following lines we will look for answers to the following questions: Who and how much would pay? Were some dignitaries exempt from the tax or were they accorded at least some tax concessions? In which years was the tax collected? Who would collect the tax and to what end would they invest the money? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the great German pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1064-1065 attended by several thousands of pilgrims. They were led by eminent religious and secular dignitaries, such as archbishop Siegfried of Mainz and bishops Gunther of Bamberg, Otto of Ratisbon (modern-day Regensburg) and William of Utrecht. Many pilgrims never returned home. Therefore, this tragic journey significantly affected the character of following pilgrimages. It introduced the need for systematic work on the physical protection of pilgrims as well as for securing social and health care for them. The great pilgrimage was also depicted by Lambert, a contemporary chronicler and monk of the Benedictine Abbey of Hersfeld, in Hesse. He compiled his major work entitled Annals in 1077- 1079. It well reflected his flair for dramatic depiction of stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the conceptualisation of the relations between literature and memory is very diverse. It can be studied on the background of intertextuality, topics, canon, metaphor, and/or from the perspective of the question how to construct the memories as a narrative. A link between literature and time plays an important role, especially in autobiographic memory. A systemic theory, cognitive psychology, gender studies and media studies belong to the latest theoretical approaches concerned with literature and memory. Contemporary interdisciplinary memory research deals with a question: to what extent can the examined phenomena be classified? Because of this, my paper has a systemic nature. It evaluates the link between literature and memory on the background of three concepts: the memory of literature, memory in literature and literature as a medium of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ukrainian Cossacks dominated in the Kuban Cossack army (the largest of the Cossack units of the Russian Empire). A longterm military service and constant military training had contributed to the maintenance and development of the Cossack military and martial arts. Besides teaching military values and the Cossack way of life, various paramilitary contests were organized to maintain high-quality military training. These contests were held both in the front line military units and in the Cossack settlements (with both adult and child contestants). The Cossacks' long-term and hard military service became the basis for certain socio-economic, societal, legal and military privileges. In the places of their compact residence, the Cossacks implemented the principles of military democracy and paramilitary way of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Russian art patronage has to this date not yet been comprehensively treated in Czech, Slovak, or other foreign scholarly literature. It is only within the Russian scholarly context that that several interesting publications have been released on this subject in the past few years. However, they focus on Russian art patronage from an art historical and sociological perspective. This study, therefore, aims to analyze Russian art patronage from a historical perspective, within the context of historical events. Thus, the historical rather than the art historical perspective is fundamental. Its objective is to treat the emergence and development of Russian art patronage and, using the example of one of the most eminent art patrons and collectors of the second half of the 19th century, the wealthy Moscow merchant Pavel Tretyakov, to illustrate why and how this patronage evolved. It then discusses the benefits for Russian society that were realized through the development of patronage generally, and in particular through Tretyakov's establishment of a gallery that was made accessible to the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]