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Background Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that alters the alveolar bone structure, requiring treatment ranging from non-surgical to surgical periodontal therapies based on its severity. Surgical interventions, such as the modified Widman flap procedure and the open flap technique combined with methods like platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), guided tissue regeneration (GTR), and bone grafts, aim to reduce periodontal pockets and regenerate lost tissues. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and the absence of beneficial bacteria contribute to periodontitis, with probiotics-live microorganisms that offer health benefits emerging as a promising adjunct in periodontal therapy. Probiotics can inhibit harmful organisms and enhance the oral mucosal lining, potentially improving clinical outcomes when used alongside surgical procedures. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of combining probiotics with open flap debridement (OFD) in managing chronic periodontitis, comparing it to OFD alone. Methodology Eighty individuals were recruited in this double-blind, randomization clinically controlled, split-mouth trial. The enrolled individuals were categorized in a random manner into either Group A (OFD) or Group B (OFD with probiotic therapy, OFD + P). Results Based on the results, significant differences were observed between the OFD and OFD + P groups. At baseline, the mean probing pocket depth (PPD) was 6.49 mm in the OFD group and 5.68 mm in the OFD + P group. After three weeks, the PPD decreased to 4.71 mm in the OFD group and 3.95 mm in the OFD + P group, with a p-value of 0.021, indicating a significant difference. By 12 weeks, the PPD was 3.20 mm for OFD and 2.74 mm for OFD + P, though the difference was not statistically significant (p-value 0.108). For relative attachment level (RAL), a significant difference was noted after three weeks with a p-value of 0.018; however, differences at baseline and 12 weeks were not significant. The gingival index (GI) did not show significant differences between the groups at any time point. Within-group analyses revealed significant improvements in PPD, RAL, and GI for both groups over time, with all p-values < 0.001. The OFD + P group demonstrated superior outcomes compared to the OFD group in PPD and RAL after three weeks. Conclusion The use of probiotics in managing periodontal disease offers a cost-effective and convenient treatment option for periodontitis. Its integration into periodontal therapy should be emphasized for its potential benefits across all age groups, benefiting both periodontal surgeons and general dentists. Further research is needed to understand how well probiotics persist in the oral microflora and their precise effects on periodontal health. The future of periodontal therapy could greatly benefit from probiotics as a natural, food-based approach to enhancing immunity and improving oral health., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India, issued approval EC/MFS/ 0824. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Baishya et al.)

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI), ranging from minor impacts to severe cases, affects temporal and frontal brain areas, contributing to mortality and disability worldwide. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) evaluates consciousness levels, aiding in prioritizing emergency care, while the Disability Rating Score (DRS) assesses overall function, particularly in severe cases, with greater sensitivity than GCS for clinical changes in TBI patients., Objectives: To correlate various factors with each other in patients presented with severe TBIs., Materials and Methods: The retrospective study analyzed data from patients with severe TBIs admitted to the hospital from February 2023 to April 2024. Patients' demographic and clinical data, including GCS and DRS scores, were collected. Statistical analysis, including logistic regression, assessed mortality predictors., Results: The study revealed significant correlations (p<0.05) between age and marital status (p=0.002) and surgery (p=0.003). Surgery also correlated significantly with the mechanism of injury (p<0.001). Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between GCS after 24 hours and change in GCS (p<0.001), while a positive correlation existed between DRS after 24 hours and DRS on the 14th day (p<0.001). These findings highlight the complex interplay between demographic factors, medical interventions, and clinical outcomes in TBI patients., Conclusion: The study found that older individuals, particularly those involved in road traffic accidents, had poorer recovery outcomes and higher rates of surgery, with a strong correlation between changes in GCS and DRS scores., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Sah et al.)

There are various reports describing physiotherapy rehabilitation in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) but the use of current to rehabilitate GBS patients has remained an untouched topic. To elaborate on this work, we describe a case report focusing on the intervention plan for the rehabilitation of a chronic GBS case by the use of vibratory motor stimulation (VMS) current. The study aimed to describe the therapeutic application of VMS current in improving muscle power of dorsiflexors and overall outcome measures in a case of GBS presenting in a tertiary care hospital in North India. A 29-year-old male patient came to Teerthanker Mahaveer University Hospital and consulted in the Department of Physiotherapy after 1.4 years of being diagnosed with acute motor axonal neuropathy-type GBS. Rehabilitation of this case included strengthening exercises of the upper and lower limbs along with balance exercises. Specifically, in this case, we gave VMS current after assessing the muscle power of the dorsiflexors, which was found to be grade-0 over the bilateral dorsiflexors, combined with passive dorsiflexion. Different outcome measures were used for assessment, including manual muscle testing, functional independence measurement, and the Berg Balance Scale. Improvement in the patient's condition was observed in his outcome measures after two months of treatment. There was an overall improvement in the muscle power of our patient's dorsiflexors, where muscle power was upgraded from grade-0 to grade-I and grade-I+ in the bilateral lower limbs by the use of VMS current. This study marks a novel application of VMS to the dorsiflexors of a GBS patient, yielding positive outcomes in upgrading muscle power grades from grade-0 to grade-I and grade-I+. Further research is needed to confirm VMS efficacy as an early intervention in GBS patient rehabilitation., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Agnihotri et al.)

Lattice radiation therapy (LRT) is an advanced treatment approach specifically designed for massive tumors. It aims to deliver high-dose regions within tumors while ensuring the safety of the surrounding dose-limiting organs at risk (OAR). This case report introduces two unique clinical cases: a 63-year-old male diagnosed with a massive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor and a 61-year-old male with an inoperable recurrent left-sided adrenal mass intricately surrounded by dose-limiting bowel structures. Both patients underwent LRT to enhance tumor control and maintain less toxicity. Notably, both patients displayed a significant tumor volume reduction accompanied by minimal adverse effects during the 12-month follow-up period. While these initial results suggest that LRT may be effective and safe for treating large tumors, further investigation through exhaustive research and multicenter trials is necessary to fully understand and determine the specifics of lattice radiation therapy techniques., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Sait et al.)

The Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-odontogenic, osteolytic lesion of unknown aetiology, which affects the craniofacial region, particularly the anterior mandible. The age group commonly affected is below 30 years, with a distinct female predilection. Histopathological analyses show fibro cellular stroma consisting of evenly distributed multinucleated giant cells, multiple foci of haemorrhage, and focal areas of spicules of newly formed bone. Depending upon the extent, behaviour, and characteristics management varies from non-surgical to surgical approaches. Since CGCG is associated with a higher rate of recurrence, excision by curettage with the removal of peripheral bone margins is the gold standard and radical surgical intervention in aggressive lesions is associated with low recurrences. Reconstruction of the resulting surgical defect is extremely important to restore aesthetics and function. This case report reviews presentation along with currently used therapies for CGCG while describing an uncommon case of locally aggressive CGCG occurring in a 50-year-old female involving the posterior mandibular region, successfully managed with marginal mandibulectomy, curettage and reconstructed with submental island flap with no recurrence during follow up., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Anand et al.)