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Immunotherapy, as a novel treatment approach for various disorders, including cancers, is designed to either stimulate or suppress the immune system with high speci-ficity. The recent achievements of this therapy in clinical trials are set to transform tradi-tional treatment methods. Furthermore, it holds promise for enhancing the survival rates of patients suffering from both metastatic cancers and primary stages. Gastrointestinal Cancers (GI) account for 26% of global incidence and 35% of worldwide deaths. Treat-ment can be carried out using targeted immunotherapy in these cancers. If the tiers are superior, improvement could require more enterprise. On account that the function of immunotherapy in GI has been so promising, solely in sufferers with severe metastatic levels, within the literature, the immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy of GI cancers, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (vehicle-T), modulators of the tumor mi-croenvironment, and drug resistance mechanisms in immunotherapy as an effective treatment approach to GI cancers along with colon, pancreas, gastric, and esophageal cancers have been addressed. This review provides an overview of FDA-approved im-munotherapy drugs and ongoing preclinical developments. Additionally, we offer in-sights into the future of immunotherapy for GI cancer patients, addressing the associated challenges., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal complication in the world, affecting around half a million individuals each year. The treatment of PC is relatively difficult due to the difficulty in making an early diagnosis. Most PC patients are confronted with locally metastatic or advanced diseases in the asymptomatic phase, and about 80% have late diagnosis with metastasis. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have drawn attention as a novel biological regulation layer. They take part in the regulation of mRNA and can be used as a prognostic factor or drug target. Based on their functions as regulators of PC initiation and progress, the lncRNAs can be categorized as tumor suppressors or oncogenic. They can be considered as a target for finding new biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis, monitoring, and treating drug response in PC. Therefore, the present study summarizes the lncRNAs role in PC and the probable strategies to deal with their expression and controlling tumorigenesis and detection of the prognosis of PC., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in the development and progression of gastrointestinal [GI] cancers. These mechanisms involve modifications to DNA and histones that can alter gene expression patterns and may contribute to the initiation and progression of cancers. In recent years, epigenetic therapies have emerged as a promising approach to treating GI cancers. These therapies target specific epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, to restore normal gene expression patterns and inhibit cancer cell growth. Several epigenetic drugs have been approved for the treatment of GI cancers. Moreover, the use of epigenetic therapies in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapeutic agents, is being studied to improve treatment outcomes. We have provided an overview of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in GI cancer treatment aimed to focus on recent evidence of the use of epigenetic agents in clinical and preclinical GI cancer studies, including gastric, esophageal, hepatic, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. Overall, the role of epigenetic mechanisms in GI cancer treatments is an active area of research with the potential to improve patients' treatment outcomes and advance cancer treatment strategies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Exosomes are very small (nano-sized) vesicles participating in tumor development by involvement in intercellular communication mediated by transferring biocomponents. Exosomes appear to play vital roles in various cancer development, such as ovarian cancer, a common malignancy in women. Several hallmarks of ovarian cancer are reported to be affected by the exosomemediated cellular cross-talk, including modulating peritoneal dissemination and chemoresistance. Since the expression of some biomolecules, such as miRNAs and mRNA, is changed in ovarian cancer, these exo-biomolecules can be applied as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers. Also, the selective loading of specific chemotherapeutic agents into exosomes highlights these biocarries as potential delivery devices. Exosomes could be artificially provided and engineered to better target the site of interest in ovarian cancer. In the present review, we summarize the notable achievement of exosome application in ovarian cancer management to gain applicable transitional insight against this cancer., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Gastrointestinal cancers are prevalent cancers in the world with a poor prognosis, causing about one-half of all cancer deaths in the world. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for GI cancers. GHRH and GHRH receptors (GHRH-R) are expressed in various tumoral tissues and cell lines. The inhibition of GHRH-R is a new area of research because it provides a possible means of treating several types of cancer. Recent publications have reported GHRH and GHRH-R expressions in breast, pancreatic, prostate, colon, gastric, ovarian, and lung cancers, along with promising data about the use of GHRH antagonists in the treatment of different cancers. This review aims to summarize the recent studies on the relationship between GHRH and GI cancers and assess whether this hormone can be our target for therapy or used as a prognostic marker for GI cancers., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Nowadays, nano-platforms designed for drug delivery systems (DDSs) such as polymers, liposomes, and micelles have been demonstrated to be clinically efficient. The sustained drug release is one of the advantages of DDSs, especially polymer-based nanoparticles. The formulation could enhance the drug's durability, in which the biodegradable polymers are the most interesting building blocks of DDSs. Nano-carriers could circumvent many issues by localized drug delivery and release via certain internalization routes such as intracellular endocytosis paths and increasing biocompatibility. Polymeric nanoparticles and their nanocomposite are one of the most important classes of materials that can be used for the assembly of nanocarriers that can form complex, conjugated and encapsulated forms. The site-specific drug delivery may arise from the ability of nanocarriers to pass through the biological barrier, their specific interactions with receptors, and passive targeting. The better circulation, uptake, and stability along with targeting attributes lead to lesser side effects and damage to normal cells. Hence, in this review, the most recent achievements on polycaprolactone-based or -modified nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are presented., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing concern worldwide. In recent decades, the incidence of CRC has increased, and this has been attributed to changes in lifestyle. The lack of physical activity, smoking habits, and a diet high in red meat and fat and low in fiber are important aspects of these deleterious changes in lifestyle. The increase in the incidence of CRC has impelled researchers to investigate methods for preventing and treating CRC with greater efficacy and fewer complications. Probiotics are an attractive and potentially promising therapeutic approach. They have been evaluated by a large number of preclinical and clinical studies in recent years, and it has been found that they can play a role in the prevention, treatment, and management of complications of CRC. This review provides a concise summary of the mechanisms of action of probiotics. Furthermore, it focuses on the results of clinical and preclinical studies that evaluated probiotics' effects on CRC management. It also discusses the effects of different strains of probiotics and their combination in CRC treatment., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway has been reported to be dysregulated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, including gynecologic cancers. This provides proof of concept of its potential value as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in cervical cancer. Here we provide an overview of the biological role and clinical impact of TGF-β inhibitors either as a single agent or as a combinatorial therapy in gynecological cancers, concentrating on phase I to phase II/III clinical trials. Aberrant TGF-β signaling may lead to carcinogenesis. Inhibition of TGF-β represents an interesting area of focus for the treatment of gynecological cancer. Several TGF-β inhibitors are potential anticancer agents and are undergoing clinical trials in cancer, including galunisertib, dalantercept, and vigil. There is a growing body of data showing the potential therapeutic impact of targeting the TGF-β pathway in different cancer types, although further studies are still warranted to explore the value of this strategy and finding the most appropriate patients who could most benefit from therapy., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)