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OBJECTIVES: In this cross-sectional community-based study, we explored the relationship between TMAO and BMI with metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly adults in Taiwan. METHODS: Population in this study were from a cross-sectional, community-based study in northern Taipei City, Taiwan. Eighty-six adults subject aged over 40 years (men and women) were enrolled. All subjects live near the Shin Kong Hospital. Body mass index (BMI) calculated based on body height and weight data. TMAO measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufactory's instruction. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on the 2005 revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). The logistic regression, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: This study reported that the metabolic syndrome group had higher TMAO levels (17.62 ng/mL) compare to participants without metabolic syndrome. In a multiple logistic regression, after adjusted with age, gender, weekly red meat consumption, log Hs-CRP, log choline, l-carnitine, and total body fat percentage, TMAO (adjusted OR = 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08–32.37) and BMI (adjusted OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.79) were more likely to increase metabolic syndrome risk. CONCLUSIONS: TMAO and BMI have roles in increasing metabolic syndrome risk. TMAO associated with higher OR of metabolic syndrome than BMI. Therefore, these findings showed that TMAO is a potential biomarker to predict metabolic syndrome risk in middle-aged and elderly adults in Taiwan. FUNDING SOURCES: Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP-BUDI LN), the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Research Technology Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: Sedentary behaviors and unhealthy diets are reported to be risk factors of obesity. The present study aims to examine the role of high sedentary activity and low consumption of fruits and vegetables in increasing obesity in Indonesian adult people. METHODS: The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative, Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013. In total, 222,650 men and 248,590 women aged 19–55 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, physical activity card, and food card were used for assessment. RESULTS: The results showed that prevalence of obesity (body mass index of ≥27.5 kg/m2) was higher in women (18.71%) than in men (8.67%). The prevalence was higher in those with high (≥ 6 hours/day) sedentary activity (17.3%) than in those with low sedentary activity (14.5%). Furthermore, the prevalence was higher in those with low consumption of fruits and vegetables (20.6%) than in those with adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables (15.0%). Overall, people with high sedentary activity were 1.2 times (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.16–1.21) more likely to be obese than those with low sedentary activity, and people with low consumption of fruits and vegetables were 1.5 times (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.22–1.87) more likely to be obese than those with adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables after adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The excess odds of being obese attributable to high sedentary activity and low consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that promoting physical activity and healthy diets especially adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables could be the keys in preventing obesity in Indonesia. FUNDING SOURCES: Indonesian Ministry of Health, The University of Alma Ata, Taipei Medical University.