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The purpose of the study is to investigate the correlation between intraocular anti-retinal antibodies and clinical measurements in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).Aqueous humor and vitreous samples were collected from patients with RRD, PVR, and from control subjects with macular hole. The levels of total protein (TP), IgG, and anti-retinal antibodies were determined with a bicinchoninic acid assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and dot blot, respectively. Correlations between these measurements were assessed using Pearson's correlation test. Analysis of variance followed by a post-hoc test or the Student t-test was used to compare differences between groups.The levels of anti-retinal antibodies and IgG were correlated with each other (P 0.010). The IgG concentration was higher in patients with PVR than in controls in both the aqueous humor (P 0.001) and the vitreous (P 0.001), but not in patients with RRD. Conversely, TP levels and anti-retinal antibodies in both ocular fluids from RRD and PVR patients did not significantly differ from the controls. In a subgroup analysis, vitreal anti-retinal antibody levels were correlated with average macular thickness in the re-attached macula following surgery for macula-off RRD/PVR (P = 0.012). Furthermore, patients with post-operative cystoid macular edema had a higher level of vitreal anti-retinal antibodies than those without (P = 0.009).Intravitreal anti-retinal antibodies were increased in the eyes with maculopathy after surgical intervention for RRD/PVR.

Purpose: To compare optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow in healthy eyes, eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (PPG), and eyes with mild normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG).Methods: In 172 eyes (normal: 44 eyes; PPG: 62 eyes; mild NTG: 66 eyes), LSFG was used to measure mean blur rate in the ONH tissue area (MBRT), an index of capillary blood flow. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine factors affecting circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT), mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) of the visual field.Results: Despite similar characteristics in age, refractive error and systemic variables among the study groups, MBRT in the normal eyes differed significantly from both the PPG and mild NTG eyes (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Multiple regression analysis revealed that MBRT was an independent factor affecting cpRNFLT, MD and PSD (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively).Conclusion: ONH blood flow was detec...

To determine whether anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) can be used to predict post-trabeculectomy bleb outcomes.We divided 58 eyes of 47 trabeculectomy patients into success or failure groups based on their status at 12 months after surgery. We then compared various AS-OCT measurement parameters between the two groups at 1 and 2 weeks and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. We also analyzed the early post-trabeculectomy bleb parameters with multiple logistic regression, stepwise multiple regression, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, to evaluate the power of these parameters to predict long-term outcomes.Intraocular pressure 3 or more months after trabeculectomy was significantly lower in the success group than the failure group (all: P 0.0016). Cleft volume was significantly higher 6 or more months after trabeculectomy in the success group than the failure group (P = 0.0027 and0.0016). Reflectivity of the bleb wall was significantly higher in the failure group than the success group at 2 weeks and all later time points (all: P 0.0016). Reflectivity of the bleb wall at 2 weeks after trabeculectomy was a risk factor for failure, with an odds ratio (OR) for failure of 2.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-4.68, increasing per 10 AU). The area under the ROC curve for reflectivity of the bleb wall at 2 weeks after trabeculectomy was 0.775 when the cutoff value was set at 122.8, with sensitivity, specificity, and OR of 78.3%, 80.0%, and 14.4, respectively. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that reflectivity of the bleb wall at 2 weeks was an independent factor indicating postoperative bleb survival period (β = -0.39, P = 0.007).Reflectivity of the bleb wall, measured by AS-OCT, may be an early post-trabeculectomy predictor of bleb outcome.

To evaluate laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) measurements of the optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow (BF) response to hyperoxia.This prospective study included 30 eyes of 30 healthy volunteers (mean age: 28.5 ± 4.0, male:female = 13:17). The testing protocol had three phases: in the baseline phase, subjects breathed room air; in the hyperoxic phase, they breathed pure oxygen (6 L/min) for 15 min; and in the recovery phase, they were room air for 15 min. LSFG measurements of mean blur rate (MBR), which represents ONH BF, were taken every minute. The MBR ratio in the hyperoxic and recovery phases was calculated with reference to this baseline. Clinical parameters, including systemic blood pressure, pulse rate, and saturation of pulse-oximetry oxygen (SpO2), were measured every 5 min.SpO2 increased significantly during hyperoxia (97.3 ± 1.1% to 99.3 ± 0.7%, p 0.001). While clinical parameters were similar in hyperoxia and baseline, MBR decreased significantly after 2 min of hyperoxia (90.8 ± 12.6%, p = 0.02), stayed steady throughout hyperoxia (mean: 89.5 ± 10.8%, p range:0.001-0.04) compared with baseline, and returned to baseline 1 min after recovery (93.7 ± 10.3%, p = 0.25). A linear regression using a third-order polynomial fitting curve analysis revealed that the time to reach minimum MBR was 7.78 min (adjusted R(2 )= 0.87).LSFG could effectively assess ONH BF changes during hyperoxia.

To evaluate the relationship between skin autofluorescence (SAF), which reflects the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes.Sixty-seven eyes of 67 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Sixty-seven age-matched non-diabetic subjects served as controls. Diabetic patients were classified by the severity of their DR: no DR (NDR), non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). SAF was measured with an autofluorescence reader.SAF in the diabetes patients was significantly higher than in the controls (median 2.5 (interquartile range 2.3-2.7) and 1.8 (1.6-2.3) arbitrary unit (AU), respectively, p 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in SAF along with the increasing severity of DR (from NDR to NPDR: p = 0.034; NPDR to PDR: p 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that SAF (OR, 17.2; p 0.05) was an independent factor indicating the presence of PDR.SAF has an independent relationship with PDR in patients with type 2 diabetes. SAF measurement with an autofluorescence reader is a non-invasive way to assess the risk of DR. SAF may, therefore, be a surrogate marker candidate for the non-invasive evaluation of DR.

We investigated in detail the correlation between structure and function in the macula, and whether optical coherence tomography (OCT)-measured macular structure could be used to simulate the visual field.This study comprised 60 eyes of 34 patients with open angle glaucoma (Anderson-Patella classification). To assess macular function, reliable data from the Humphrey field analyzer (HFA, SITA-standard, 10-2 program) for threshold, total deviation (TD), and pattern deviation (PD) were used. To assess macular structure, thickness data for the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) from macular OCT maps (3D OCT-2000, Topcon) were analyzed. Spearman's coefficient of correlation analysis was performed to determine the significance of the correlation, as well as the formula for simulation. The formula was used to calculate the simulated threshold, TD, and PD values. The simulation method was validated by comparing results for simulated and actual visual fields in a new data set of 29 eyes from glaucoma patients.In most test points, macular function and the layer-by-layer structure were significantly correlated, however, the distribution of highly-correlated points varied. Simulated grayscale maps of the visual field based on the formula of regression line for RNFLT and thresholds were similar to actual visual fields. There was a significant correlation between simulated visual fields created from RNFLT, GCC and GCL + IPL data and actual average threshold values in all 68 test points (r = 0.63-0.87, p 0.001) and TD (r = 0.62-0.86, p 0.001).We found that there was a significant correlation between structure and function in the macular area, and that simulated visual fields from RNFLT data reflected actual visual fields. Such a simulation of macular function from OCT parameters may be useful in assessing glaucoma in patients who have difficulty undergoing actual visual field examinations.

Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), a new, non-invasive method of measuring the mean blur rate (MBR) of ocular blood flow, allows for the analysis of the pulse waveform of a heartbeat as it changes dynamically. Here, we investigated the relationship between the pulse waveform and clinical parameters, particularly age.Sixty eyes of 60 healthy subjects without diabetes were enrolled from among patients undergoing annual health examinations. LSFG, and its analysis software, were used to determine pulse waveform parameters including MBR, skew, blowout score (BOS), blowout time (BOT), rising rate and falling rate in the optic nerve head (ONH), both specifically in the tissue area and in the ONH overall. Fifteen clinical parameters were also recorded, including age and blood pressure, as well as triglyceride and creatinine levels.Skew, BOT and falling rate had a strong correlation (|r| 0.60) with age, but not with the other clinical parameters. This correlation with age was stronger in the tissue area (BOT: p 0.0001, r = - 0.68; skew: p 0.0001, r = 0.65; falling rate: p 0.0001, r = 0.61) than in the ONH overall (BOT: p 0.0001, r = -0.67; skew: p 0.0001, r = 0.60; falling rate: p 0.0001, r = 0.59). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that tissue area falling rate was an independent factor indicating age, and conversely that age was an independent factor indicating tissue area falling rate.The significant correlation of LSFG-measured tissue area falling rate with age suggests that it may be a new candidate biomarker for age-dependent microcirculation.