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Purpose: To investigate the chemokine and adhesion molecule profiles in aqueous humor (AH) of eyes with inactive uveitis and their correlations with inflammation relapse after cataract surgery. Methods: Patients with inactive uveitis who underwent cataract surgery between July 2014 and January 2016 at our center were included. Undiluted AH samples (100-120 µl) were obtained through lateral corneal incisions during surgery, and concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) were measured by cytometric bead array (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA). AH levels of these inflammatory factors were compared between different uveitis entities and non-inflammatory control. Risk factors for postoperative inflammation relapse were also analysed in uveitic eyes. Results: As compared with the control group, the panuveitis group had significantly higher aqueous concentrations of MCP-1, IL-8, sVCAM, sICAM; the anterior uveitis group had significantly higher concentrations of MCP-1, MIP-1, sVCAM. Uveitic cataracts with postoperative inflammation relapse had significantly higher levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 in AH than those without. And multivariate cox regression analysis revealed that high AH levels of MCP-1 was an independent predictor for postoperative inflammation relapse. Conclusions: Clinically quiescent uveitic eyes have elevated levels of chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in AH, of which MCP-1 is associate with inflammation relapses after cataract surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]