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An extremely halophilic archaeon, strain ZY8T, was isolated from a rock salt of Yunnan salt mine. It was able to grow at 12-30% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 15-20%), pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.5), and 20-45 °C (optimum, 42 °C). Sequence similarity search of its 16S rRNA gene showed that strain ZY8T belonged to the genus Halorubrum, and it is closely related to species of H. aethiopicum SAH-A6T (98.6%), H. aquaticum EN-2T (98.6%), and H. halodurans Cb34T (98.5%), respectively. Strain ZY8T contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate as its major phospholipids, and a sulfated diglycosyl diether as its major glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 66.7 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strains ZY8T and closely related species were far below 70%. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that strain ZY8T represents a novel species of the genus Halorubrum, for which the name Halorubrum glutamatedens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZY8T (=CGMCC 1.16026T=NBRC 112866T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gut microbiota is well established, but the results of related studies are inconsistent. The purpose of this investigation is to elucidate the characteristics of the gut microbiota in T2DM and non-diabetic subjects. Forty-five subjects were recruited for this study, including 29 T2DM patients and 16 non-diabetic subjects. Biochemical parameters, including body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), were analyzed and correlated with the gut microbiota. Bacterial community composition and diversity were detected in fecal samples using direct smear, sequencing, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, it was observed that indicators such as BMI, FPG, HbA1c, TC, and TG in T2DM patients were on the rise, concurrent with dysbiosis of the microbiota. We observed an increase in Enterococci and a decrease in Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, and Lactobacilli in patients with T2DM. Meanwhile, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and D-lactate concentrations were decreased in the T2DM group. In addition, FPG was positively correlated with Enterococcus and negatively correlated with Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, and Lactobacilli. This study reveals that microbiota dysbiosis is associated with disease severity in patients with T2DM. The limitation of this study is that only common bacteria were noted in this study, and more in-depth related studies are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-motile, pleomorphic rod-shaped or oval, red-pigmented (nearly scarlet), extremely halophilic archaeon, strain Y78T, was isolated from a salt deposit of Yunnan salt mine, China. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that it was phylogenetically related to species of the genus Halorubrum, with a close relationship to Halorubrum rutilum YJ-18-S1T (98.6%), Halorubrum yunnanense Q85T (98.3%), and Halorubrum lipolyticum 9-3T (98.1%). The temperature, NaCl, and pH ranges for growth were 25-50 °C, 12-30% (w/v), and 6.5-9.0, respectively. Mg2+ was required for growth. The polar lipids of strain Y78T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, and a sulfated diglycosyl diether. The DNA G+C content was 66.6 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Y78T and two closely related species of the genus Halorubrum were far below 70%. Based on the data presented in this study, strain Y78T represents a novel species for which the name Halorubrum depositum sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is Y78T (= CGMCC 1.15456T = JCM 31272T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-motile, spherical or oval extremely halophilic archaeon, strain Y69, was isolated from a brine of the Yunnan salt mine, China. Colonies on JCM 168 agar plate were round (1-2 mm in diameter), moist, and orange-pigmented. Phylogenetic analysis of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate belonged to the species of the genus Halorubrum, with a close relationship to Halorubrum aidingense 31-hong (98.5%), Halorubrum lacusprofundi ATCC 49239 (98.2%), and Halorubrum kocurii BG-1 (98.0%). The major polar lipids of strain Y69 were phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and a sulfated diglycosyl diether. Strain Y69 grew in 15-30% (w/v) NaCl. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 25-50 °C and 6.5-9.0, respectively. Optimal growth occurred at 20% (w/v) NaCl, 42 °C, and pH 8.0. Mg was required for growth. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 65.1 mol% by the thermal denaturation method. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Y69 and the closely related species were lower than 70%. Based on the data presented in this study, strain Y69 represents a novel species for which the name Halorubrum salsamenti sp. nov. is proposed. The type of the strain is Y69 (=CGMCC 1.15455 = JCM 31270). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]