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Three in situ methods of visualizing the cbbL gene in intact cells of nitrifying bacteria at different physiological states (dormant and metabolically active) were compared after epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis. FISH alone showed the weakest signal intensity. Direct in situ PCR, incorporating labeled nucleotides, showed the greatest sensitivity but also the greatest background. The combination of unlabeled in situ PCR followed by FISH showed relatively high sensitivity, along with the lowest background and highest specificity. Although functional gene expression was not examined in this study, visualization of the potential for carbon fixation in heterogeneous cultures of nitrifying bacteria was demonstrated. RID=”” ID=”” Correspondence to: C.D. Sinigalliano; email: sinigall@fiu.edu [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]