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After the export from the nucleus it turns out that all mRNAs are not treated equally. Not only is mRNA subject to translation, but also through RNA-binding proteins and other trans-acting factors, eukaryotic cells interpret codes for spatial sorting within the mRNA sequence. These codes instruct the cytoskeleton and translation apparatus to make decisions about where to transport and when to translate the intended protein product. Signaling pathways decode extra-cellular cues and can modify transport and translation factors in the appropriate cytoplasmic space to achieve translation locally. Identifying regulatory sites on transport factors as well as novel physiological functions for well-known translation factors has provided significant advances in how spatially controlled translation impacts cell function. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]