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Climate changes, emerging species of plant pests, and deficits of clean water and arable land have made availability of food to the ever-increasing global population a challenge. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides to meet ever-increasing production needs has resulted in development of resistance in pest populations, as well as significant ecotoxicity, which has directly and indirectly impacted all life-forms on earth. To meet the goal of providing safe, sufficient, and high-quality food globally with minimal environmental impact, one strategy is to focus on targeted delivery of pesticides using eco-friendly and biodegradable carriers that are derived from naturally available materials. Herein, we discuss some of the recent approaches to use biodegradable matrices in crop protection, while exploring their design and efficiency. We summarize by discussing associated challenges with the existing approaches and future trends that can lead the world to more sustainable agricultural practices. Image 1 • Providing food safety and security is critical for the growing global population. • Crop yield is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. • Targeted/sustained delivery of agrochemicals reduces excessive use of pesticides. • Nature-derived biodegradable materials curtail plant health and environmental harm. • Biodegradable matrices hold promise for sustainable crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]