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The dramatically increasing levels of antibiotic resistance are being seen worldwide and are a significant threat to public health. Antibiotic and drug resistance is seen in various bacterial species. Antibiotic resistance is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and increased treatment costs. Antisense-related technologies include oligonucleotides that interfere with gene transcription and expression; these oligonucleotides can help treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The important oligonucleotides include Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs), Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers (PPMOs), and Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs). Typically, the size of these structures (oligonucleotides) is 10 to 20 bases. PNAs, PPMOs, and LNAs are highlighted in this review as targets for genes that cause the gene to be destroyed and impede bacterial growth. These results open a new perspective for therapeutic intervention. Future studies need to examine different aspects of antisense agents, such as the safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic properties of antisense agents in clinical treatment.

Bacteria build their structures by implementing several macromolecules such as proteins,polysaccharides, phospholipids, and nucleic acids, which preserve their lives and play anessential role in their pathogenesis. There are two genomic and proteomic methods to study variousmacromolecules of bacteria, which are complementary methods and provide comprehensiveinformation. Proteomic approaches are used to identify proteins and their cell applications. Furthermore,macromolecules are utilized to study bacteria's structures and functions. These proteinbasedmethods provide comprehensive information about the cells, such as the external structures,internal compositions, post-translational modifications, and mechanisms of particular actions, includingbiofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and adaptation to the environment, promotingbacterial pathogenesis. These methods use various devices such as MALDI-TOF MS, LC-MS,and two-dimensional electrophoresis, which are valuable tools for studying different structuraland functional proteins of the bacteria and their mechanisms of pathogenesis, causing rapid, easy,and accurate diagnosis of the infections.