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On the basis of self-determination theory, this study examines how social media knowledge seeking invigorates flow-the feeling of being immersed in the task at hand. We argue that social media knowledge seeking positively affects flow experience through diversive curiosity. Performance goal orientation also plays a significant role in the moderated mediation process. Analysis of two-wave data collected from Indonesian employees in different industries shows that social media knowledge seeking enhances flow through diversive curiosity. This link is also prominent when performance goal orientation is high. The implications for social media knowledge seeking, diversive curiosity, performance goal orientation, and flow experience are discussed., Author(s): Yunita Sofyan [sup.1] , Yufan Shang [sup.1] , Yan Pan [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/017zhmm22, grid.43169.39, 0000 0001 0599 1243, School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, , 28 West [...]

Author(s): Bethany Fleming Hoff [sup.1] , Christopher M. Napolitano [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02gzbg991, grid.263305.1, 0000 0001 0360 9186, Seattle Pacific University, , Seattle, USA (2) https://ror.org/047426m28, grid.35403.31, 0000 0004 [...], To manage the inherent uncertainty of goal pursuit, people develop backup plans. This study aims to contribute to the burgeoning literature on the underlying motivational impact of backup plans. We used a quasi-experimental task to assess whether the backup plan paradox - when investments in backup plans undermine the utility of one's Plan A - holds for a sample of 195 adolescents, as it has for adults in prior work. Moreover, we assessed whether backup plan type - loss-minimizing contingent or gains-maximized redundant plans - affects adolescent participants' investment in and use of backup plans, as well as their goal performance. Replicating prior research, participants who invested more in their backup plans experienced lower goal performance indirectly through backup plan use. In addition, participants with redundant backup plans invested more in developing these plans, and were more likely to use them, although there were no significant differences in goal performance across backup plan type.

Author(s): Wei-Tao Tai [sup.1] , Ya-Ti Hsu [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Business Administration and Service Industry Management, Chihlee University of Technology, , No. 313, Sec. 1, Wunhua Rd., [...], Based on goal orientation theory, this paper aims to examine the mediating effect of utility perception on the relationships between three types of goal orientation and transfer motivation. The study applied a longitudinal field design with a total of 239 trainees from a technological institute in northern Taiwan and used AMOS 24 to examine the hypotheses. The findings show that learning goal orientation demonstrates the strongest impact on utility perception and transfer motivation. Learning goal orientation is the desired training trait, and utility perception is a critical factor in transfer motivation. If managers assert a given training program to be useful to trainees, then the anticipated training effect will likely be enhanced. The contribution of this study is its use of goal orientation theory to examine how three goal orientations affect transfer motivation through utility perception. Further, since there have been inconsistent results about the effect of proving goal orientation on training effectiveness, this study examines if there are significantly differences between learning goal orientation and proving goal orientation through statistical analysis. Third, by focusing on practitioners rather than students, this study indicates that utility perception is an important mediator between goal orientation and transfer motivation.

Author(s): Wen Cheng [sup.1] , Pham Ngoc Thien Nguyen [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00mjawt10, grid.412036.2, 0000 0004 0531 9758, Center for Teacher Education, Institute of Education Development, & International [...], This study aimed to investigate the relationships between future time perspectives (FTP) and risk of being not in employment, education, or training (NEET) with the mediating role of achievement goal motivations among undergraduate students in Vietnam. It revealed that FTP was negatively related to NEET risk, indicating students who focused on their future seemed more likely to decrease the risk of being NEET. Among achievement goals, mastery-approach orientation and performance-avoidance orientation played mediating roles in the FTP and NEET risk relationship. Precisely, mastery-approach orientation played a complete mediating effect in the female sample while performance-avoidance orientation acted as a partial mediator in the male sample (explained by the social role theory). The findings enrich the understanding of NEET risk and its relevant factors, as well as contribute to the educational field regarding undergraduates' future planning and intervention to enhance motivation across genders. The implications and limitations of these findings were discussed.

Author(s): Tung-Ju Wu [sup.1] , Ruo-Xi Zhang [sup.1] , Jia-Min Li [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.19373.3f, 0000 0001 0193 3564, School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), , 150001, [...], The innovative behavior of employees is the basis for the sustainable operation of the hotel industry and examining the factors affecting innovative behavior of employees has important and timely significance. Thus, we draw from goal orientation theory to suggest the potential mechanism of different goal orientations and explore how different goal orientations influence employees' innovative behaviors via self-efficacy and how the centralized climate moderates this effect. The data were collected at two time points from 323 employees and their supervisors across 68 hotel marketing teams in Beijing and Shanghai. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis results confirmed our hypotheses that the centralized climate moderated the relationship between team members' goal orientations and innovative behaviors. The innovative behaviors can be attained by employees with higher learning goal orientation or performance approach goal orientation. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.

Author(s): Ying Zhang [sup.1] , Jingjing Li [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.162107.3, 0000 0001 2156 409X, School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences Beijing, , 100083, Beijing, People's [...], The aim of the present study is to examine whether a leader's extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal orientation influences subordinates' subjective career success through leader-member exchanges and to describe the moderating effect of subordinates' gender. Drawing on goal content theory and leader-member exchange theory, we propose that a leader's relatively extrinsic goal orientation is negatively related to subordinates' subjective career success through leader-member exchanges. We conducted a field survey study (N = 216; employees and their immediate supervisors from China) to test our model, and the results suggest that (1) leaders with relatively extrinsic goal orientations are negatively related to subordinates' subjective career success; (2) leader-member exchanges mediate the negative relationship between a leader's relatively extrinsic goal orientation and employees' subjective career success; and (3) subordinates' gender moderates the indirect effect, whereby a leader's relatively extrinsic goal orientation leads to lower levels of leader-member exchange for females than for males, leading to a lower level of subordinates' subjective career success. This study contributes to the goal content and leader-member exchange literature.

Author(s): Huiyoung Shin [sup.1] , Chaerim Park [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411545.0, 0000 0004 0470 4320, Department of Psychology, Jeonbuk National University, , 14-3 Social Science Building, Deokjin-gu, Baekje-daero 567, [...], The current study investigated emerging adults' help seeking from friends to deal with academic difficulties, and the mediating role of this help seeking in the associations between perceived goal structures and academic and social adjustment among 300 emerging adults (N = 300; M.sub.age = 22.28; 50% female). Structural equation modeling results confirmed that emerging adults' help seeking from friends (i.e., adaptive or avoiding) mediated the effects of perceived goal structures (i.e., mastery or performance) on academic and social adjustment. Emerging adults who perceived greater emphasis on mastery were more likely to seek adaptive help, whereas those who perceived greater emphasis on performance were more likely to avoid seeking help from friends. Further, adaptive help seeking was positively related to friendship satisfaction and academic engagement, while avoiding help seeking was negatively related to friendship satisfaction and positively related to anxious solitude. The findings emphasize the importance of mastery-oriented environment to foster emerging adults' adaptive help seeking and academic and social adjustment in college.

Author(s): Courtney L. Gosnell [sup.1] , Shelly L. Gable [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.261572.5, 0000 0000 8592 1116, Department of Psychology, Pace University, , 861 Bedford Road, 10570, Pleasantville, NY, [...], We hypothesized that people's relationship motives would be associated with how they think about their romantic partners' personal qualities. Specifically, across two studies using a community and student sample, we examined how individual differences in social approach and social avoidance goal strength shaped perceptions of traits in romantic partners. We utilized two different reaction-time-based methods that had participants quickly describe or categorize their partner. Through a series of partial correlation analyses, we found that approach goals were associated with more easily perceiving and evaluating partners in terms of positive traits that partners possess. In contrast, avoidance goals were associated with greater ease in perceiving partners in terms of the negative traits they lack. Results are discussed in terms of the ways in which these different patterns of framing a partner's traits may have implications for relationship satisfaction and partner evaluation.

Author(s): Cindy E. Tsotsoros [sup.1] , Anna Mooney [sup.2] , Joanne K. Earl [sup.2] , Douglas A. Hershey [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.65519.3e, 0000 0001 0721 7331, Department of Psychology, [...], The way individuals envision, formulate, and strive to meet their retirement goals is poorly understood. Research to date has focused mainly on goals associated with the pre-retirement phase, although arguably, goals during retirement are equally important. In this investigation, a conceptual replication and extension of the Retirement Goal Process Model (RGPM; Hershey & Jacobs-Lawson, 2009 (See CR25)) is carried out. This extended theoretically-derived path model posits that individuals' perceptions of the consequences of failing to achieve a particular goal will determine the perceived importance of the goal. Perceived goal importance, in turn, determines the thought and effort individuals are willing to allocate toward achieving the goal (goal striving). Goal striving, in turn, is driven by the perceived adequacy of available resources, which predicts the perceived likelihood the goal will be achieved (goal expectancy). This path model was tested across five retirement resource domains identified by Wang and Shultz Journal of Management, 36(1). 172-206, (2010 (See CR55)): financial, emotional, cognitive, social, and physical. For analytic purposes, the sample (N = 698, age range 66-94) was divided into four different groups: younger and older males and females. Findings revealed that the theoretically-grounded RGPM accounted for substantial differences in variability in retirement goal expectancy, both across retirement domains and across groups. On a theoretical level, this investigation provides a synthesis of the RGPM with Wang and Shi's Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233, (2014 (See CR54)) Dynamic Resource Theory. From an applied perspective, the results suggest ways in which retirement intervention specialists might profitably intercede with older adults in order to increase the likelihood of goal attainment.

Author(s): Kennon Sheldon [sup.1] [sup.2] , Tamara Gordeeva [sup.2] [sup.3] , Oleg Sychev [sup.4] , Evgeny Osin [sup.2] , Liudmila Titova [sup.1] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.134936.a, 0000 0001 2162 [...], Self-concordant goals are goals which represent a people's enduring interests and self-defining values (Sheldon, 2002 (See CR26)). People pursuing more self-concordant goals evidence higher subjective well-being, as shown in participants from both Western and non-Western cultures (Sheldon et al., 2004 (See CR31)). In a different literature, attributional style research has found that tendencies to provide optimistic explanations of life events also predict well-being. We hypothesized that people pursuing self-concordant goals would make more optimistic attributions about goal-specific outcomes, and that this tendency would help explain the link between self-concordance and well-being. Structural equation and multiple group modelling of 253 American and 230 Russian university students found support for these hypotheses. Self-concordance primarily predicted optimism following positive outcomes (that they will recur), not following negative outcomes (that they will end), and also, the mediational pattern was slightly different in the Russian than in the American sample. The results suggest that when people choose life-goals that fit their interests and values, they derive resources including the ability to interpret positive goal-outcomes in an optimistic way. This helps to explain why pursuing such goals makes them happy.

Author(s): Jason L. Harman [sup.1] , Justin M. Weinhardt [sup.2] , Claudia Gonzalez-Vallejo [sup.3] , Jeffrey B. Vancouver [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.64337.35, 0000 0001 0662 7451, Department of Psychology, [...], The interaction between goals and affect in decision making is not well understood. We test the affective-motivational route theory (AMR: Aarts et al. 2008b (See CR3)) which predicts that positive affect primed along with a goal leads to goal pursuit, whereas negative affect primed along with a goal does not lead to less goal pursuit. In the current study, we test AMR using a process tracing paradigm where individuals are primed with goals (accuracy or speed) and affect (positive or negative). Participants then performed a decision search task where decision relevant information must be actively searched. Results indicate participants primed with negative affect showed search behavior consistent with the primed goals of accuracy or speed. Conversely, participants primed with positive affect showed search behavior inconsistent with the primed goals of accuracy or speed. These results are in the opposite direction of AMR but are consistent with self-regulatory theories.

Author(s): Robert C. Dempsey [sup.1] [sup.2] , Katherine Eardley [sup.2] , Alyson L. Dodd [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.25627.34, 0000 0001 0790 5329, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology [...], The vulnerability to bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated goal-related behavior, the setting of ambitious and extreme goals, and increases in goal approach behaviors. To date, no studies have investigated the nature of goal pursuit behaviors amongst individuals at a behavioral risk for bipolar disorder in terms of whether goal pursuit is characterized by a tenacious active striving for goals or a more flexible changeable focus on goals. A non-clinical sample of 168 participants completed online measures of mood, bipolar-vulnerability, reward sensitivity, goal-related perfectionist tendencies, tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment behaviors. Our findings demonstrate that bipolar-vulnerability is characterized by the tenacious, not flexible, pursuit of goals, in combination with low regulation of goal behavior, and tendencies towards narcissistic and self-critical perfectionism indicative of setting high ambitious standards and making overly harsh self-judgments when such standards are not met. These findings are similar to those from clinical bipolar samples where there is evidence of prolonged symptom recoveries after the experience of goal frustrations and failures. Reducing the tenacious, active striving for goals amongst at-risk individuals may be a potential avenue for early intervention.

Author(s): Shuntaro Aoki [sup.1] [sup.2] , Satomi Doi [sup.3] , Satoshi Horiuchi [sup.4] , Koki Takagaki [sup.5] , Asaka Kawamura [sup.6] , Reiji Umeno [sup.7] , Masahiko Fujita [sup.8] , [...], Depression can be explained by certain behavioural patterns, especially low levels of environmental rewards; it is generally accompanied by infrequent goal-directed behaviour, increased depressed mood, and anhedonia. However, no research has statistically examined the mediating effect of environmental rewards on the relation between goal-directed behaviour and the symptoms of depressed mood or anhedonia. This study sought to determine whether such a mediating effect of environmental rewards is present in cross-sectional study. The participants included 101 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorders. Data were collected through three questionnaires measuring depression and behavioural patterns that maintain depression: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS), and the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form (BADS-SF). Mediation analysis was conducted using depressed mood and anhedonia as dependent variables, environmental rewards as the mediating variable, and goal-directed behaviour as the independent variable. Environmental rewards significantly mediated the relationship between goal-directed behaviour and anhedonia but not that between goal-directed behaviour and depressed mood. No significant relationships were found among depressed mood, goal-directed behaviour and environmental rewards. From these results, we conclude that low levels of environmental rewards accompanied by infrequent goal-directed behaviour can lead to increased anhedonia but not depressed mood.

Author(s): Diana Olcar [sup.1] , Majda Rijavec [sup.1] , Tajana Ljubin Golub [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 0657 4636, grid.4808.4, Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb, , Savska [...], The central aim of the study was to examine the relationship between primary school teachers&apos; life goals and life satisfaction using the self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan 2000 (See CR21)) and the flow theory (Csikszentmihalyi 1975 (See CR13)) as a framework. A study was conducted to test whether the relationship between intrinsic life goals and teachers&apos; life satisfaction is mediated by two serially posited mediators, the satisfaction of each basic psychological need (competence, autonomy and relatedness) and the experience of flow at work. A total of 480 primary school teachers (17 years of work experience on average) from different regions of Croatia participated in the study. The results, obtained by structural equation modeling, showed that only the need for competence and flow at work significantly mediate between intrinsic life goals and life satisfaction ([beta] = .04, p < .001). The needs for autonomy and relatedness were not significant mediators when used as serial mediators. Thus, the study provides evidence that the positive relationship between life goals and life satisfaction is partly due to the increased satisfaction of the need for competence and more frequent flow experience at work. Also, the indirect effect of extrinsic goals on life satisfaction ([beta] = -.024, p < .01) through autonomy and flow work was tested and found to be significant.

Author(s): Jesus Alfonso D. Datu [sup.1] , Mantak Yuen [sup.1] , Gaowei Chen [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000000121742757, grid.194645.b, Centre for Advancement of Inclusive and Special Education, University of Hong [...], The positive human attributes of passion and perseverance for long-term goals (referred to as &apos;grit&apos;) can be linked to wide range of positive educational, psychological, and employment outcomes. The original grit theory posits that there are two dimensions which characterize determination for long-term aspirations --perseverance of effort and consistency of interests--but some studies using quantitative design have suggested that consistency of interests may not be associated with adaptive outcomes in collectivist and interdependent societies. The aim of the qualitative study described here was to explore the meaning and significance of &apos;grit&apos; in a collectivist society (Philippines). Participants were 10 Filipino undergraduate students who were interviewed individually and asked to describe specific life experiences wherein they have successfully achieved long-term goals despite challenges in life. Findings suggest that there are three key themes which characterize determination for long-term goals in this collectivist setting, namely perseverance of effort, consistency of interests, and adaptability to situations. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Past research shows that forming implementation intentions increases the probability of carrying out goals. The present research proposes that mental imagery can strengthen the effects of implementation intentions on goal achievement. Participants were assigned a mundane goal and were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: implementation intentions only or implementation intentions plus mental imagery. Results support the hypothesis that using mental imagery when forming implementation intentions leads to higher rates of goal achievement. Keywords Implementation intentions * Mental imagery * Goal achievement