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Tumor immunotherapy has garnered considerable attention, emerging as a new standard of care in cancer treatment. The conventional targets, such as VEGF and EGFR, have been extended to others including BRAF and PD-1/PD-L1, which have shown significant potential in recent cancer treatments. This review aims to succinctly overview the impact and mechanisms of therapies that modulate PD-1/PD-L1 expression by targeting VEGF, EGFR, LAG-3, CTLA-4 and BRAF. We investigated how modulation of PD-1/PD-L1 expression impacts growth factor signaling, shedding light on the interplay between immunomodulatory pathways and growth factor networks within the tumor microenvironment. By elucidating these interactions, we aim to provide insights into novel potential synergistic therapeutic strategies for cancer immunotherapy. [Display omitted] • PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors enhance immune responses, significantly improving cancer treatment outcomes. • Combining PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with anti-EGFR treatments shows promise for better survival rates. • Biomarkers like PD1, EGFR, VEGF, and BRAF predict therapy responses and optimize precision medicine. • Future research should refine biomarker strategies, understand resistance, and integrate genomic profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]