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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emergent disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the globe since its discovery in December 2019. Although first appreciated to cause pneumonia, numerous organ systems are now known to be involved. The objective of this article is to review the broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations reported in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most commonly reported cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection include pernio (chilblain)-like acral lesions, morbilliform (exanthematous) rash, urticaria, vesicular (varicella-like) eruptions, and vaso-occlusive lesions (livedo racemosa, retiform purpura). It is important to consider SARS-CoV-2 infection in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with these lesions in the appropriate clinical context, as cutaneous manifestations may be present in otherwise asymptomatic individuals, or present before developing other symptoms of infection. With increased access to diagnostic testing, we are beginning to understand the utility and limitations of currently available assays., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Adult xanthogranuloma presents most commonly as an orange-tan firm solitary nodule with no systemic manifestations. Recently, some cases have been reported in conjunction with lymphoproliferative disorders. Adult reticulohistiocytosis classically presents as red to yellow-red dermal nodules. In the multicentric form, lesions have a predilection for hands and elbows, with a classic coral bead periungual presentation, and are often associated with symmetric erosive arthritis, particularly of the hands and wrists. The presentation and course of Rosai-Dorfman disease, or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, can vary. The classic presentation is extensive, painless bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, but some cases have been entirely extranodal., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cyclophosphamide is a potent immunosuppressive agent that has an important role in the treatment of autoimmune, neoplastic, granulomatous, and neutrophilic disorders. Pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide has been shown to be efficacious for several dermatologic disorders, particularly pemphigus vulgaris, with a low incidence of toxicity reported. As reported earlier, studies performed on the use of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of a variety of dermatology-related diseases strongly suggest that the toxicities frequently noted with the use of oral cyclophosphamide therapy may be significantly less common with pulse intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide. The short follow-up period of patients treated with this modality so far, however, requires constant vigilance for the development of side effects, particularly secondary malignancy. At this time, pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide is a promising treatment modality with an acceptable risk profile for moderate-to-severe dermatologic diseases recalcitrant to standard therapy. Prospective comparative trials are needed to assess further the efficacy and toxicity of this therapy.