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Infantile hemangioma is a common and challenging benign vascular tumor. Although involution is spontaneous, approximately 10% of infantile hemangioma of large size or in specific locations may cause ulceration, severe cosmetic and functional problems that may require intervention. Treatment options include oral propranolol, topical timolol, and oral corticosteroids. However, the clinical response is not always satisfactory. We report the case of a 4-month-old boy who presented with an irregular erythematous plaque on his left shoulder 3 days after birth. Infantile hemangioma was diagnosed. Topical application of 0.5 ml of 0.5% timolol maleate eye drops for half an hour each time three times a day was initiated. After nearly 3 months of follow-up, the size of the lesion gradually increased. Finally, after 115 days of treatment with itraconazole oral solution (the total dose was about 4025 mg), the refractory infantile hemangioma was successfully treated. Hepatic and renal function remained normal with only mild diarrhea during the course of oral medication. Treatment compliance of oral itraconazole in infants has been reported to be good. Dermoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) played a crucial role in in vivo observation of the hemangioma changes with vascular regression during the treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: At present, some studies have reported that nasal rosacea may be an independent disease, but phenotypic characteristics and risk factors for nasal rosacea remain unknown. This study aimed to clarify the clinical features and explore the risk factors for nasal rosacea. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted, including 1615 rosacea patients and 1501 healthy individuals. The patients were divided into three groups based on the involved areas of the lesions (non-nasal, intermediate and nasal rosacea group). Their demographic data and clinical features were obtained from patients' medical records, and risk factors of nasal rosacea were analyzed. Results: There were 927 (57.4%), 647 (40.1%) and 41 (2.5%) cases in the non-nasal, intermediate and nasal rosacea groups, respectively. Of 41 patients with nasal rosacea, all (100.0%) had fixed erythema and 17 cases (41.5%) had phymatous changes. Compared with control group, male gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14, 4.99), obesity (aOR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.86, 11.79) and alcohol use (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.22, 5.40) were risk factors for nasal rosacea, but these three factors were not risk factors for non-nasal rosacea and intermediate rosacea groups. Among patients with nasal lesions (compared with patients without nasal phymatous changes), family history of rosacea was a risk factor (aOR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.01, 4.46) for nasal phymatous changes and Fitzpatrick IV skin type was a protective factor (aOR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.28, 0.86). Conclusion: Nasal rosacea has relatively specific clinical features and independent risk factors, suggesting that it may be a special type of rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]