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While the income gender gap has been widely researched to date, less attention has been paid to the wealth gender gap. This paper analyses individual-level data taken from the Spanish tax agency between 2012 and 2017 and documents the existence of an increasing wealth gap in Spain in this period. Through a comparative analysis, we find a clear difference in wealth accumulation patterns between the two genders, especially with regards to holdings of equity in productive companies. We also find that both women and men in the highest quantiles of the wealth distribution have increased their wealth and that men hold more assets that women. With respect to income distribution, the data shows that men's income accounts for a larger share of total income, which reinforces the gender gap related to economic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El análisis de las desigualdades regionales en desarrollo humano ha cobrado suma relevancia, sin embargo, hay pocos estudios realizados desde una perspectiva espacial. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar patrones y dinámicas espaciales en el desarrollo humano de los municipios mexicanos para 2010 y 2015. Mediante el uso de métodos de análisis espacial, se analizan datos georreferenciados del índice de desarrollo humano (IDH) a nivel municipal. Los resultados indican la existencia de municipios con dinámicas virtuosas y viciosas de desarrollo humano que muestran un patrón persistente a través del tiempo y espacio, así como aquellos con resiliencia espacial que tienden a convertirse en enclaves de desarrollo humano. La conclusión principal es que la dependencia espacial prevalece entre municipios vecinos, y proponemos que el componente territorial del desarrollo humano sea considerado para el diseño y ejecución de las políticas sociales.

Socio-economic stratification classifies people or groups of people within a society. Although social stratification is a universal characteristic of human societies, the criteria considered to classify individuals is not unique and some methodological approaches are distinguished. In this article, we build an indicator of socioeconomic stratification for Ecuador through a Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis using data from the 2010 Census. This methodology allows the incorporation of numerical and categorical variables, and nonlinear relationships. The main results suggest that the households located in the urban area show better conditions and greater access to basic services. Also, education positively affects social and economic conditions of both individuals and the households. In light of these results, public policy should target education and public investment in the provision of basic services in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo del artículo es medir la marginación socioeconómica y estudiar su comportamiento a partir de los Censos de Población y Vivienda de Panamá de 1990, 2000 y 2010. Para dicho propósito se utilizó la metodología propuesta por el Consejo Nacional de Población y Vivienda de México (Conapo), el cual establece un índice a partir de tres dimensiones (educación, ingreso y vivienda) y ocho indicadores (analfabetismo, población sin primaria completa, vivienda sin agua potable, vivienda sin servicio sanitario, vivienda con piso de tierra, vivienda sin energía eléctrica, viviendas con hacinamiento, población ocupada que percibe ≤ un salario mínimo y medio). De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que Panamá está logrando reducir el índice de marginación socioeconó­mica de un 35,61 en 1990 a un 31,27 para el 2000 y en el 2010 un 25,98. Sin embargo, esta disminución no es coherente con el incremento proporcional del PIB y del Presupuesto General del Estado.

The analysis of regional inequalities in human development has become an important topic of research. However, there are few applied studies from a spatial perspective. The objective of this study is to identify patterns and spatial dynamics in human development within Mexican municipalities for the years 2010 and 2015. With the use of spatial analysis methods, this article analyzes geo-referenced data in the human development index (HDI) at municipal level. The results indicate the existence of municipalities with virtuous and vicious dynamics of human development with persistent patterns in time and space, as well as those with spatial resilience that tend to become enclaves of human development. The main conclusion is that spatial dependence prevails among neighboring municipalities and we propose that the territorial factor in human development be considered for the design and execution of social policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to measure socioeconomic marginalization and study its behavior based on Panama's Population and Housing Census of 1990, 2000, and 2010. For this purpose, the methodology used was that which was proposed by the National Council of Population and Housing of Mexico (Conapo), which establishes an index based on three dimensions (education, income, and housing) and eight indicators (illiteracy, population without complete primary education, housing without drinking water, housing without sanitary service, housing with a dirt floor, housing without electricity, overcrowded housing, employed population that receives ≤ a minimum salary and a half). From the results obtained, it is concluded that Panama is managing to reduce the socioeconomic marginalization index from 35.61 in 1990 to 31.27 in 2000 and in 2010, 25.98. However, this decrease is not consistent with the proportional increase in GDP and the General State Budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the connection between innovative efforts of Argentine manufacturing companies and their level and distribution of productivity, wage and labor skills, within the framework of structural heterogeneity characteristic of peripheral economies. There are only a few studies which addressed these problematic relations in developing countries at a firm level. An approach to the problems of development and quantitative methodology is applied, starting from a preliminary hypothesis: greater innovative efforts in companies, greater productive and labor inequality among them, conditioned by structural heterogeneity. Primary data used in this study come from the National Survey of Employment and Innovation Dynamics, for Argentine manufacturing companies in 2010-2012. The main findings indicate that correlation of innovation and the levels of productivity, wages and labor skills is significant, differing in their magnitude among companies and industrial sectors by virtue of the structural heterogeneity of the Argentine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergenerational mobility has been studied from two broad perspectives, namely, monetary and non-monetary. The dominant framework by far has been the former. However, it is not evident that monetary approaches are superior to non-monetary ones. In fact, in several respects, the latter shows clear advantages over the former. Hence, this article exposes the virtues and shortcomings that they have on each of the main stages relevant to the conduct of inquiry: conceptualization, data collection, and data analysis. This scrutiny suggests that monetary methodologies privilege parsimony over realism, while non-monetary methodologies do the opposite. In this context, it is argued that moving from elegance (parsimony) to realism is required in order to account for the actual complexity of socio-economic intergenerational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the continuous improvement shown by the Human Development Index (HDI) for Mexico, a recent report has concluded about the persistence of inequality of development at the subnational level (PNUD, 2015). The document adds that state-level mobility in the scale of human development is almost nonexistent. This paper describes characteristics that have not been yet formalized for analysis from a spatial perspective. In the present work, I use novel spatial methods to explore the nature of such distributional movements and investigate their relative importance. The results show the presence of integrated spatial dynamics as well as rigidity in the distributive mix of the composite HDI index and its various dimensions. The findings offer new insights into the importance of such spatial patterns for the persistence of regional inequality in the different social dimensions of human development in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]