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Gebremedhin Gebreegziabiher,1 Tefera Belachew,2 Kibriti Mehari,3 Dessalegn Tamiru2 1Department of Human Nutrition, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 3Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gebremedhin GebreegziabiherJimma University, P.O. Box: +251378, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmail ghingherg@gmail.comBackground: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is becoming a big public health problem in developing countries like Ethiopia. Developing countries have an almost two-fold higher risk of death due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) compared to high-income countries. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with MetS among adult residents of Mekelle city.Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 266 randomly selected adults from July to September 2019. Data were collected on socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics using a structured questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPs survey tool. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and lipid profiles were tested using a blood sample. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with MetS and variables were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05.Results: The findings of this study showed the magnitude of MetS was 21.8%. The proportion of MetS was relatively higher among women (24.6%) than men (18.5%). Raised blood pressure was the most prominent (42.5%) component of MetS followed by central obesity (41.7%). The magnitude of the other components of MetS was 38.0%, 21.4%, and 14.3% for elevated triglyceride, raised FBG, and low HDL-C, respectively. Advanced age, medium and high monthly income, walking less than 10 minutes per day, raised Body Mass Index (BMI), higher waist to hip ratio, and elevated total cholesterol were significantly associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.Conclusion: In this study, we found a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components, which highlights an urgent need for a public health strategy for its prevention, early diagnosis, and management.Keywords: magnitude, metabolic syndrome, adult, Northern Ethiopia

Sileshi Kenate,1 Temamen Tesfaye,2 Solomon Berhanu Mogas,3 Belay Zawdie,4 Yonas Tesfaye,2 Lelisa Sena Dadi,3 Mulualem Tadesse,5 Ayantu Kebede,3 Esayas Kebede Gudina,6 Dessalegn Tamiru4 1Jimma Town Health Office, Jimma, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 3Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 4Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 5Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 6Department of Internal Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Dessalegn TamiruDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, P. O. Box-378, Jimma, Oromia Region, EthiopiaTel +251912373397Email dessalegn97@gmail.comIntroduction: Lack of regional- and local-based cut-off points of lipid profile and/or anthropometric measurements remains one of the challenges in prevention, early detection and control of non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to validate anthropometric-based screening of lipid profiles to develop locally appropriate optimal cut-off points for metabolic syndrome screening.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 977 adults in Jimma Town, Ethiopia. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Data were analyzed using SPSS windows version 21 and Kappa statistic was used to validate the agreement between anthropometric measurement and lipid profile. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Body mass index (BMI) at ≥ 24.5 was used as screening of dyslipidemia (TG≥ 150mg/dl) with slight Kappa coefficient of 0.138 (P< 0.001) among females while it was ≥ 22.2 among males with fair (0.275) Kappa coefficient (P< 0.001). Waist circumference-based screening of dyslipidemia (TG≥ 150mg/dl) at ≥ 78.0cm had negative (− 0.005) Kappa coefficient (Pp< 0.001) among females (sensitivity: 72.6% and specificity: 26.7%). Yet, waist circumference at ≥ 83.7cm had slight Kappa coefficient of 0.13 (P< 0.005) among males (sensitivity: 38% and specificity: 74.9%). Waist hip ratio-based screening of dyslipidemia (TG≥ 150mg/dl) at ≥ 0.82 among females had negative (− 0.001) Kappa coefficient (p=0.763), whereas among males at ≥ 0.88, there was a slight (0.105) Kappa coefficient of (p=0.002) (sensitivity:77.5% and specificity:36.8%). This study showed that anthropometric-based high-density lipoprotein measurement was not applicable.Conclusion: This study indicated that BMI-based screening of triglyceride was more applicable for both sexes than other anthropometric measurements. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio-based screening of triglyceride were slightly applicable only for males. However, anthropometric-based screening of high-density lipoprotein measurement was not applicable for both sexes. In conclusion, researchers and policy makers need to consider locally validated cut-off points to be used for screening metabolic syndrome in the community.Keywords: metabolic syndrome, lipid profile, anthropometric measurements, Jimma

Gebremedhin Gebreegziabiher,1 Tefera Belachew,2 Dessalegn Tamiru2 1Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gebremedhin Gebreegziabiher Tel +251914754562Email ghingherg@gmail.comBackground: In the past decade, the prevalence of diabetes has grown more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2019, Ethiopia is the fourth highest contributor to cases with diabetes in Africa with 1.7 million total cases. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism and associated factors in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia.Methods and Materials: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 321 randomly selected participants aged 20 years and above. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and anthropometric data were collected in accordance with the STEPwise approach as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for non-communicable disease (NCDs) surveillance. Blood glucose and lipid profiles were determined using a fasting venous blood sample. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with abnormal glucose metabolism. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.Results: More than half (54.8%) of the participants were women with an overall mean (±SD) age of 39.0 (± 14.2) years. The overall prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 12.5% and 9.3%, respectively, with a mean (±SD) fasting blood glucose of 97.42 (± 38.03) mg/dL. More than two-thirds (70.0%) of adults with diabetes were not aware of being diabetes. Advanced age, hypercholesterolemia, medium and high rank of heart rate, and raised waist to height ratio were significantly associated with a higher risk of pre-diabetes, whereas having house servant, systolic hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were significantly associated with diabetes.Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes with more than two-thirds (70.0%) of newly diagnosed adults with diabetes, which showed a lack of awareness in the community. Awareness creation together with access to basic diagnostics in the primary health-care settings should therefore be a top priority to prevent its progression and complication.Keywords: abnormal glucose metabolism, diabetes, associated factor, adult, Ethiopia

Temamen Tesfaye Yunka,1 Solomon Berhanu Mogas,2 Belay Zawdie,3 Desalegn Tamiru,4 Yonas Tesfaye,5 Ayantu Kebede,2 Mulualem Tadesse,6 Esayas Kebede Gudina,7 Lelisa Sena Dadi2 1School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, Ethiopia; 2Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, Ethiopia; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, Ethiopia; 4Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, Ethiopia; 5Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, Ethiopia; 6Department of Medical Laboratory, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, Ethiopia; 7Department of Internal Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Region, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Temamen Tesfaye YunkaSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Jimma University, P.O.Box-378, Oromia region, EthiopiaTel +251913153299Email tekanetesfu@gmail.comIntroduction: Early detection of the unrecognized diabetes mellitus (DM) and its risk factors in the community is crucial to minimizing the burden of DM and associated complications. Hence, this study aimed to assess unrecognized DM and its relationship with behavioral characteristics, physical characteristics, and lipid profile among adults in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 915 adults in Jimma Town from June 17 to July 27, 2019. Physical measurements, lipid profile, and blood sugar levels were measured. The collected data were entered and analyzed using Epi Data 3.1 and SPSS version 21, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was fitted to assess predictors of unrecognized DM where adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the strength of association at P-value ≤ 05.Results: The prevalence of unrecognized DM and impaired glucose metabolism (pre-diabetes) were 3.1% (95% CI; 2.0– 4.4) and 14.8% (95% CI; 12.5– 17.2), respectively. The risk of unrecognized DM was higher among male participants (AOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.19, 7.29), age group of 35 years and above (AOR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.16, 10.27), and high waist circumference (AOR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.72, 10.33). On the other hand, participants who perform sufficient physical activity (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.58) had low risk of undetected DM.Conclusion: The prevalence of unrecognized diabetes mellitus was relatively high. Male sex, advanced age, physical inactivity, and high waist circumference were found to be predictors of unrecognized DM. Thus, awareness needs to be created among the community to practice regular physical activity and maintaining normal body weight. Additionally, screening of DM should be promoted for early detection, prevention, and treatment.Keywords: unrecognized DM, diabetes mellitus, adult, lipid profile, physical measurement