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The male predominance of cardiovascular disease is overridden by the presence of diabetes, as the sex-related burden of cardiovascular disease increases in postmenopausal women with diabetes (1). Sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) might contribute to these findings (1). We conducted a cross-sectional study hypothesizing that 1 ) the prevalence of CAN is different among women and men with type 1 diabetes, 2 ) such a difference is dependent on the pre- or postmenopausal status of women, and 3 ) sex steroids show opposite associations with CAN depending on sex. In this study, we recruited 279 consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes attending our clinic (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02910271) (2,3). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are detailed elsewhere (2,3). Assuming a global prevalence of CAN of ∼30% in our population of patients with type 1 diabetes (2) and setting α at 0.05 and β at 0.20 for a two-sided test, the inclusion of at least 160 men and 120 women was enough to identify a difference in prevalence among them above 15% (www.imim.cat/ofertadeserveis/software-public/granmo/). The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee of Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal (approval date 22 January 2016, protocol ID 464/15). Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Patients did not receive any economic compensation for their participation. For …