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The article presents abstracts of research papers on topics about diabetes which include the role of BACE1 inhibition to protect against obesity and diabetes via inflammation suppression, the association of recessive mutations in the cancer gene ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) with metformin response, and the temporal effects of endothelium specific inhibition of SHIP2 insulin signaling regulator on nitric oxide bioavailability and whole body insulin sensitivity.

The article presents abstracts on medical topics which include perioperative and postoperative management of type 2 diabetes followed by bariatric surgery, assessment of micronutrient status before bariatric surgery, and effects of bariatric surgery on retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The article presents abstracts on medical topic which include targeted screening for glucokinase mutations in pregnancy, prediction of gestational diabetes in obese pregnant women, and exposure to potentially harmful medications among pregnant women with diabetes.

The article discusses the search for genes in type 2 diabetes. Topics include the hunt for type 2 diabetes genes, the mapping of the human genome and microarray-based technology, and the arrival of genome-wide association studies, which allowed hypothesis-free testing of the human genome. Other topics include the discovery of 60 or more loci robustly associated with Type 2 diabetes, and the discovery of the exome and whole-genome sequencing.

Diabet. Med. 30, 318-325 (2013) Abstract Aims To evaluate whether homeostasis model assessment and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein improve the prediction of isolated post-load hyperglycaemia. Methods The subjects were 1458 adults without self-reported diabetes recruited between 2006 and 2010. Isolated post-load hyperglycaemia was defined as fasting plasma glucose < 7 mmol/l and 2-h post-load plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l. Risk scores of isolated post-load hyperglycaemia were constructed by multivariate logistic regression. An independent group ( n = 154) was enrolled from 2010 to 2011 to validate the models' performance. Results One hundred and twenty-three subjects (8.28%) were newly diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus. Among those with undiagnosed diabetes, 64 subjects (52%) had isolated post-load hyperglycaemia. Subjects with isolated post-load hyperglycaemia were older, more centrally obese and had higher blood pressure, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and lower homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function than those without diabetes. The risk scores included age, gender, BMI, homeostasis model assessment, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and HbA1c. The full model had high sensitivity (84%) and specificity (87%) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.91), with a cut-off point of 23.81; validation in an independent data set showed 88% sensitivity, 77% specificity and an area under curve of 0.89. Conclusions Over half of those with undiagnosed diabetes had isolated post-load hyperglycaemia. Homeostasis model assessment and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein are useful to identify subjects with isolated post-load hyperglycaemia, with improved performance over fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabet. Med. 29, e290-e296 (2012) Abstract Aims Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of this neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus treated at hospitals in Korea. Methods Questionnaires and medical records were used to collect data on 4000 patients with Type 2 diabetes from the diabetes clinics of 40 hospitals throughout Korea. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed based on a review of medical records or using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument score and monofilament test. Results The prevalence of neuropathy was 33.5% ( n = 1338). Multivariate analysis revealed that age, female sex, diabetes duration, lower glycated haemoglobin, treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin, presence of retinopathy, history of cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease, presence of hypertension or dyslipidaemia, and history of foot ulcer were independently associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Of the patients with neuropathy, 69.8% were treated for the condition and only 12.6% were aware of their neuropathy. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes in Korea and those patients were far more likely to have complications or co-morbidities. The proper management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy deserves attention from clinicians to ensure better management of diabetes in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabet. Med. 29, e117-e120 (2012) Abstract Introduction Circulating pigment epithelium-derived factor, or serine protease inhibitor F1, is upregulated during adipogenesis, contributing to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, pigment epithelium-derived factor is abundant in stage I melanosomes and has been reported to increase pigment granules and the appearance of mature melanosomes in retinal pigment epithelium. As acanthosis nigricans is a well-recognized clinical marker of insulin resistance, we hypothesized that increased pigment epithelium-derived factor might be associated with the generation of acanthosis nigricans. Methods Acanthosis nigricans, anthropometric measurements, circulating total PEDF and metabolic profiles were assessed in 28 obese adolescents in a hospital-based obesity clinic. Results Subjects with acanthosis nigricans ( n = 10) showed greater plasma levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) than those without [geometric mean 23.55 (range 15.2-40.2) vs. 9.01 (range 5.5-18.7) μg/ml; P < 0.001]. Although pigment epithelium-derived factor was positively correlated with the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ( r = 0.779, P < 0.001; 95% CI 0.573-0.892), as previously reported, for the same degree of insulin resistance, those with acanthosis nigricans exhibited a 2.1-fold (95%CI 2.0-2.3) higher level of pigment epithelium-derived factor. Conclusions While acanthosis nigricans is undoubtedly associated with insulin resistance, its appearance is not ubiquitous in patients at any given level of HOMA-IR. The higher levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor in those with acanthosis nigricans compared with those without, with similar levels of resistance, suggest that pigment epithelium-derived factor levels are associated with acanthosis nigricans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabet. Med. 29, e102-e105 (2012) Abstract Aims Childhood obesity is associated with an increased likelihood for having impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidaemia and diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate HbA1c as a screening test for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents and identify the optimal HbA1c threshold. Methods We studied 126 obese and overweight children (BMI > 85th percentile for age and gender) 4-17 years of age referred to the endocrine clinic at Ajou University Hospital in Korea. All subjects underwent HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test. Results Thirty-four patients (27%) out of 126 had impaired glucose tolerance. Silent diabetes was diagnosed in 10 adolescents (7.9%). Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal cut point of HbA1c related to impaired glucose tolerance diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test was 40 mmol/mol (5.8%), which was associated with a 64.7% sensitivity and 61.6% specificity, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.651 (95% CI 0.529-0.772). Conclusions Obesity is associated with an increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance. An HbA1c value of 40 mmol/mol (5.8%) should be used as a screening tool to identify children and adolescents with impaired glucose tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]