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Leucobryum aduncum is a moss species reported in many Southeast Asian regions, often found in forests with a high humidity. Climate change may impact the future distribution of this species. This study aimed to model the current distribution and predict the impact of climate change on L. aduncum distribution in the next 50 years across Southeast Asia. In the process, relevant climate variables in the distribution of the species were also identified. The occurrence data of this species with current and future climate models from CMIP6 under moderate (SSP2) scenarios were used to predict current and future L. aduncum distributions. Under the current climate, the predicted suitable areas for L. aduncum included most mountainous areas. However, many Southeast Asian areas showed a lower probability of finding this species in the next 50 years. The distribution area of this species will dramatically decrease by 50.16% in the current area. The most important ecological variables included the "mean temperature of the driest quarter" and the "annual temperature range". This study suggests the possible impacts of an increased temperature and the scale of climate change on the distribution of sensitive plants like bryophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex determination systems (SDSs) in anurans are diverse and have undergone independent evolutionary transitions among species. The mode of sexual reproduction of the rice field frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)—an economically viable, edible amphibian species—is not well known. Previous studies have proposed that threshold temperature conditions may determine sex in these frogs. To elucidate the SDS in H. rugulosus, we karyotyped 10 male and 12 female frogs, and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with sequencing analyses using DArTseq™. Our results revealed a highly conserved karyotype with no sex chromosome heteromorphism, and the sequencing analyses did not identify any consistent sex-linked loci, supporting the hypothesis of temperature-dependent sex determination. The results of this study, and others, on SDSs in the rice field frog and related species also provide support for the theory that heteromorphic sex chromosomes may lead to an evolutionary trap that prevents variable SDSs. These findings add important information to the body of knowledge on H. rugulosus and are likely to have a significant impact on the productivity and economic success of rice field frog farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]