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The section presents a bibliography on works regarding the role of animals in the U.S. Civil War.

The article provides information on the popularity of the Civil War horse named Traveller. General Robet E. Lee purchased the horse in 1861 and Traveller became his favorite war horse throughout the U.S. Civil War. After the war, Lee had a spacious brick stable built for Traveller next to his house. Unfortunately Lee's horse became the target of souvenir hunters who tore away so much of the horse's tail hair that Traveller became nervous and wouldn't allow anyone to stand behind him. The faithful Traveller outlived Lee and on the day that Lee was buried, the horse walked directly behind the hearse.

The articles recounts the experiences of Private S. Emma Edmonds and other soldiers involving mules during the U.S. Civil War. In her wartime memoirs, S. Emma Edmonds notes how she enjoyed watching the long trains of six-mules teams which were constantly passing and repassing within a few yards of her tent. Despite the temperamental nature of mules, both armies depended on the hardy animals to pull heavy loads, often in adverse weather conditions. There is also an instance when a pack of mules helped to win a battle.

The article describes the cockfighting and horse racing activities of U.S. soldiers in military camps during the Civil War. A favorite sport was cock fighting in which roosters usually fought to the death, but in the absence of cocks, the boys would make use of more plentiful critters and race lice. Just a few hours before the battle of Antietam began, a pair of fools from the staff of Brigadier General Thomas Meagher's Irish Brigade chased each other into enemy territory. The sports were rough, and after seeing one Colonel and two enlisted men thrown from their horses and injured so that they will probably die some returned to camp satisfied the Irish celebrations are dangerous amusements.

The article presents information on U.S. Civil War pets that were left behind in the safety of camp when the soldiers were actively fighting. When photographers visited the army camps, it was not unusual for the men to pose with the camp mascot, usually a dog. George Armstrong Custer had such a photograph taken in 1862 as he reclined outside his tent with the camp mongrel curled up on a blanket next to him. Civil War archives contain an abundance of photographs, etchings and journal entries that attest to the importance of pets, livestock and even vermin.

The article focuses on the dog named Jack of the Allegheny County in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during the U.S. Civil War. Among the photographs that hang in the Allegheny County Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall in Pittsburgh, is a faded image of a black and white dog with a woebegone look that belies his battlefield bravery. Dog Jack raced across battlefields in Virginia and Maryland with his regiment, the volunteer firemen of Niagara, Pennsylvania. Jack's regiment was so grateful for his service and companionship that they collected enough money to purchase a beautiful silver collar which they ceremoniously presented to their canine friend in tribute to Jack's indomitable spirit and scrappy character.

The article focuses on the role and significance of dogs owned by soldiers during the U.S. Civil War. No other animal provides humans with as much loyalty and devotion as the dog, so it is no wonder that so many soldiers took along their canine companions when they went to the battlefields. During the Civil War, many dogs were brought along to battle as company mascots rather than as fighters, and each company thought its own dog to be uniquely gifted. Invariably these dogs formed a strong bond of love with the men and women in camp, and their performance on the battlefield often became legendary in the telling.

The article highlights the hostage taking of a dog owned by Colonel Lewis W. Washington in October 1859 in Harper's Ferry in West Virginia. In his plan to free the slaves by armed force, John Brown, with a force of 18 men which included several of his own sons, took nine citizens and one dog hostage and occupied the engine house in the picturesque village that was to change hands many times during the course of the coming conflict.

The section introduces a series of chapters about some of the animals that served their masters and mistresses faithfully during the U.S. Civil War. It has never been an uncommon thing for soldiers to take their pet animals to war. A southern regiment had a pet pelican, representing the symbol on the belt of the Confederate soldiers. The 43rd Mississippi Infantry, under Colonel William M. Moore, kept a camel named Douglas, killed by a minie ball during the siege of Vicksburg. More than one soldier can give credit to a horse for saving his or her life, as did Union spies Sarah Edmonds and Louis Newcome, both of whom give high tribute in their memoirs to the faithful horses that served them during the war.

The article describes the role of the dog named Sallie in the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry during the U.S. Civil War. The dog had been given to the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry when she was a puppy and had become a comrade-in-arms, enduring the tedious marches, the heat, cold and wet of camp life. As the battle wore on, the 11th Pennsylvania was forced to retreat across the fields, and the men lost track of Sallie in the confusion. Somewhere in those crop-filled fields, Sallie must have been separated from the retreating men from Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New York and Maine as they fled into town, following the railroad bed to the west and passing though the area that is now Gettysburg College.

The article reports on the animals killed by the men of Major General William Tecumseh Sherman during the U.S. Civil War. Perhaps no other figure of the Civil War is associated with more destruction and brutality than the Union's Major General Sherman. After the burning of Atlanta, Georgia in September of 1864, Sherman began his famous march to the sea. In parts of Georgia, Sherman was hailed by the slaves as the deliverer promised in the Bible. Sherman's men killed tracking dogs whenever they found them as they continued their march to the sea because they believed the dogs had been used to track escaping Federal prisoners as well as runaway slaves. The soldiers frequently killed domestic pets as well, but they kept some as pets of their own.

The article reports on the death of the horse of Major Edward Needles Hallowell during the U.S. Civil War. The crowd lining the parade route in Boston, Massachusetts on May 28, 1864, finally saw what they had been waiting for, the 54th Massachusetts, the nation's first all-black fighting regiment. On the way to South Carolina, many men were treated for seasickness but despite the violent storm, there was only one fatality the entire trip. On June 1, 1863, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw described the event in a letter to his wife that a horse died. Shaw was killed a few weeks later when the 54th assaulted Fort Wagner, but Hallowell the horse was among the survivors of the battle.

The article reports on the requiem for a rooster named Fed of the Company H of the First Tennessee Regiment during the U.S. Civil War. The rooster belonged to Private Tom Tuck, who carried the cock in his haversack. It was in a match such as this that poor Fed finally met his match when his opponent slashed both gaffs into Fed's head. Apparently, the mourners were interrupted by a Yankee raid in the middle of the funeral feast, for Sam Watkins writes that in the end, poor Fed sank so low as to become food for the Federals.

The article focuses on the role of horses during the U.S. Civil War. Confederates usually brought along their own horses when they went off to war. Major General Nathan B. Forrest had three horses shot out from under him within five hours during a battle at Fort Pillow, Tennessee in April of 1864. The horse named Forrest set an all time record for the number of mounts killed under him for the duration of the war. Many officers refused to ride a white horse because it made a tempting target for the enemy sharpshooters.

The article relates the enormous number of horses wounded and killed during the U.S. Civil War. Some Civil War battles were little more than free-for-all slaughters of men and beasts. Quite often, horses were deliberately shot at by the enemy. In July of 1863, more than 3,000 horses were killed in the fighting at Gettysburg. One artillery battalion, the 9th Massachusetts, lost 80 of its 88 animals in the Trostle farmyard. A certain General Adams horse had his fore feet on one side of the works and his hind feet on the other, dead.

The article discusses the actions taken by soldiers during the U.S. Civil War when an animal dies. Sometimes the carcasses were buried or burned, but often they were left to rot. After Antietam, Federal Brigadier General Oliver O. Howard complained about the stench that arose from the swollen bodies of the dead horses. Many soldiers grieved over the loss of their horses as much as they did the loss of their comrades in arms. Confederate General I. R. Trimble, for example, wrote of his loss at Gettysburg.

The article discusses the role of dogs in guarding prisoners during the U.S. Civil War. A.O. Abbott of the First New York Dragoons, Yankee prisoners held at Columbia, South Carolina, axed to death two guard dogs and then hid their bodies in an abandoned well. At Libby Prison and Castle Thunder in Richmond, prisoners were guarded by Hero the dog. At Libby, security was so tight that prisoners feared to look out the windows in case they became the target of the Confederate guards. Soon after the breaking out of the rebellion he was seized by the Rebel government, and subsequently used for guarding Union prisoners, at Libby Prison and Castle Thunder in Richmond, Virginia.

The article reports on the problems encountered by prisoners in all Civil War prison camps. Flies, mosquitoes and lice pestered the prisoners. Those prisoners who managed to escape from Andersonville could expect to be tracked by bloodhounds once trained to retrieve escaping slaves. The association of the guard dogs and Andersonville Prison was so strong, that survivors incorporated the image into their commemorative medals manufactured after the war. The medals show a ferocious guard dog attacking a fleeing prisoner.

The article describes the bond between Private S. Emma Edmonds and her horse when she served during the U.S. Civil War as a spy. Emma, alias Private Frank Thompson, served as a male nurse in the 2nd Volunteers of the U.S. Army and according to her memoirs, her true gender was never discovered during the course of the war. Under the ruse of selling her wares, Emma gathered as much information as she could and returned to the Union camp on a stolen Confederate horse she called Rebel. In her memoirs published after the war, Emma recounted her adventures and told of the special bond she felt for her war horses.

The article provides information on the mascot eagle of the 8th Wisconsin battalion named Old Abe during the U.S. Civil War. The specially built perch was a shield in the shape of a heart on which was inscribed stars and stripes. A few inches above the shield was a cross piece for the roost and on each end of it were three arrows pointing outward, representing war as in the great seal of the U.S. When the shooting started, Old Abe soared high above the battlefield, but most of the time in camp he stayed on his perch.

The article focuses on the widespread foraging activity of soldiers during the U.S. Civil War. Soldiers were often compelled to resort to extreme measures in order to obtain food for themselves and their horses during a campaign. The most widespread foraging activity was stealing vegetables and livestock from nearby farms. A young soldier named Hans was assigned to the foraging party, and riding out, he soon spied a handsome spotted cow which he and his comrades captured, slaughtered, skinned, dressed and took to camp to be cooked and eaten. So he paid Hans three dollars for the hide of his last cow, a spotted cow that just a few hours before grazed peacefully in his pasture.

The section introduces a series of articles on the animal-related anecdotes of soldiers enlisted for duty during the U.S. Civil War. It was the impelling spirit of adventure that drew many to enlist for duty during the Civil War. After the war finally finished, some of the animals that accompanied their owners to war were memorialized in poetry, paintings and statues. Other animal associations were preserved as images in commemorative medals and photographs taken after the war. Not all of these associations were positive, however, as evidenced by the powerful hatred for the guard dogs expressed by the prisoners of Andersonville.

The article describes the punishment given to the members of the Army of the Potomac and the Confederate Army for minor offenses like cowardice and insubordination during the Civil War. For the charge of cowardice, a soldier was stripped of uniform and escorted out of camp as a drum and fife corps followed behind. Another humiliating punishment was riding the wooden horse, a practice which required the criminal to sit for hours astride an oversized wooden horse situated in the middle of camp where the rider would be met with jeers from his comrades.

The article describes the fondness of Confederate General Robert E. Lee for pets during his U.S. Army days. At one time, Lee was crossing the narrows between Fort Hamilton and Staten Island, New York, when he spotted a dog swimming with its head barely above the water and rescued him. At the height of the U.S. Civil War, Lee kept a pet hen which reportedly laid an egg under his cot every day. The hen accompanied Lee to Gettysburg, a battle that ended disastrously for the Confederates, and when Lee began his retreat from that field, his men were unable to locate the hen. Though not as well known as the famed Traveller, another of Lee's mounts was the sorrel mare Lucy Long.

The article recounts the loyalty act of the dog of Lieutenant Louis Pfieff of the 3rd Illinois Infantry when he was killed in 1862. The wife of Pfieff, like many other widows of Union soldiers killed in the battle of Shiloh, had travelled all the way from Chicago, Illinois to Tennessee to find her husband's dead body and take it back home. Discouraged and grief stricken, the widow looked up from the burial field and saw a large dog coming toward her. Later, the widow learned that the dog had been by Pfieff's side when he was shot, and had remained at his master's burial site for 12 days, only leaving his post long enough to get food and drink.

The article describes the canine mascots of the 104th Ohio Infantry during the U.S. Civil War. Colonel, Teaser and Harvey were all veteran soldier dogs in this regiment, but the bull terrier Harvey was a special favorite. According to Marcus S. McLemore, a descendant of a member of the 104th Ohio, Harvey was wounded at least twice, once in Virginia and again in the Battle of Franklin in central Tennessee. At one time, Harvey proudly posed with the regimental band as shown in a photograph in the collection of the Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland. After the war, the men of the 104th had Harvey's portrait painted for display at reunions and Harvey's image was also incorporated into keepsake buttons.

The section acknowledges historians and other people who contributed to the information and content of the book "Dogs of War and Stories of Other Beasts of Battle in the Civil War." It is considered risky business for a non-historian to tackle a topic as complex as the U.S. Civil War. Marcus S. McLemore, a Civil War researcher and collector, generously granted permission for some of the material in his private collection to be photographed for publication in this book. Photographer and writer Jane Ann Turzillo accompanied helped gather materials for the book.

The article describes the relation between General Stonewall Jackson and his U.S. Civil War horse named Little Sorrel. The horse had so easy a gait that Jackson occasionally slept on the horse when the army was on a march. Little Sorrel was also popular with the Southern ladies and had to be protected from admirers who tried to cut the hair from his mane and tail to make souvenir bracelets. Nearly 111 years after Little Sorrel's death, the Virginia Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Virginia Military Institute decided to inter the remains with full honors.

The article describes the horse of General Meade named Old Baldy because the animal had a white face. In September of 1861, General Meade purchased the horse from Colonel David Hunter. Old Baldy saw action in the battles of First and Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Mine Run, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Bristoe Station and Petersburg. When Old Baldy was struck in the ribs by a shell in action at Weldon Railroad, General Meade finally decided to retire his faithful mount to a farm near Philadelphia. Today, Old Baldy's head is mounted in a special glass case in the Meade Room of the Civil War Library and Museum in Philadelphia where it is cared for by the Old Baldy Civil War Round Table.

The article provides information on the animals aboard the paddle-wheel steamer Sultana at Vicksburg, Mississippi on April 25, 1865, after the Civil War. The Sultana carried veterans as well as horses, mules and hogs. In the predawn hours of April 27, the Sultana steamed her way through the cluster of islands called Paddy's Hens and Chickens. Suddenly, the overheated boiler blasted its way through the boat's side, blowing equipment, men and animals into the sky. At sunrise, the smoking skeleton of the steamboat hit an island and sank into the Mississippi.

The article reports on the use of rats and other animals as food ingredients by soldiers during the U.S. Civil War. Hunger and shortage of fresh meat often caused the cooks to experiment with the culinary. Hungry Yankees in Louisiana, for example, converted the tail of an alligator into a soup that they said was very good. Other soldiers reported eating rattlesnakes and fried jaybirds and red headed woodpeckers. Hungry Confederates in Vicksburg, Mississippi reportedly feasted on rats when rations became scant.

The article reports on the injuries sustained by the horse of Reverend Henry White of the 5th Rhode Island Infantry during the U.S. Civil War. White dismounted and led his horse to a depression in the landscape that might offer the animal some protection from the flying bullets. Solid shot and then canister was being thrown all around them and White knew that it would only be a matter of minutes before the men of the Rhode Island must surrender and be taken as Confederate prisoners. White was hopeless to find that the horse had been mortally wounded. White was held prisoner at Andersonville and Macon for five months before he was released in September of 1864. One of the first things White did as a free man was return to the Newbern battlefield, where he paid tribute to the remains of his horse.

The article highlights the dangerous missions of Union spy Louis Newcome together with his mare named Kitty and dog named Tige. He set out on a series of dangerous missions delivering cipher dispatches across enemy lines. Newcome was especially attached to Kitty and gives her credit for saving his life on several occasions.

The article focuses on the encounter of the men of Union Brigadier General William French with a swarm of angry honey bees that were irritated when a shell destroyed their hives in the Roulette apiary during the U.S. Civil War. During the battle of Antietam, French and his men encountered a line of Confederate skirmishers on the farm of William Roulette and his family. But the men of the 132nd Pennsylvania went on to face a more formidable enemy later that same day. In less than an hour of fighting, nearly one third of French's division fell while trying to penetrate Confederate defenses in the sunken road that would forever after be called Bloody Lane.

The article focuses on the alleged ghosts sightings on the Bull Run Battlefield during the U.S. Civil War. The battlefield was said to be haunted by the ghosts of the men killed there in July 1861. After that battle, the dead were not buried for several days after the fighting ceased, and all the interment that many got was loose dirt thrown over their bodies where they had fallen. Private Isaac W. Scherich has his own ghostly encounter.

The article highlights the trickery of military official John Morgan with a number of his guerrillas in raiding a small town during the U.S. Civil War in July 1863. The home guard were delighted to think that their pet horses would be trained by Wolford and his men. The company of home guard disbanded that night, but the captain held the horses as prisoners of war. A whole column of Morgan's raiders raced through the crowd, some leading a horse or two as they went, leaving their spent horses tied to the fence rails. They never returned. Not a man in the town would ever own up to being tricked out of his horse by John Morgan and his gang.

The article describes the ability of Union spy Elizabeth Van Lew in hiding communications and people so that others would not find them during the U.S. Civil War. Van Lew enjoyed the high social standing of her family in Richmond, where she was always keeping her eyes and her ears open for valuable information to aid the Union. Although Van Lew's house was searched many times during the Civil War, these hiding places were never discovered until after the war. In the final months of the war, the Confederates were ransacking the South to replace horses for its soldiers, Van Lew rolled up her Oriental carpets and led her horse into the parlor of her home. There the horse stayed hidden while the Confederates searched only the stables.

The article describes the panic of rabbits during a battle as recounted by many soldiers of the U.S. Civil War. At Malvern Hill, Virginia on July 1, 1862, through a wide gap made in the Confederate lines by McClellan's artillery, there ran a panic-stricken bunny, flying in terror to the rear. Isaac W. Scherich, in unpublished memoirs penned after the end of the war, remembered a similar incident. Noise scared up a rabbit from its nest in the long grass and it went jumping at a rapid rate parallel to and midway between the two lines.

The article reveals the decision of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to relieve General George B. McClellan for stalling in battle due to the poor condition of his calvary horses during the Civil War. Unfortunately for the General, Lincoln did not feel the same way about McClellan as did the army, who loved him. Lincoln repeatedly questioned his movements or lack thereof, of the cautious and conservative McClellan.

The article reports on the lamb adopted by Captain Elisha Hunt Rhodes of the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers during the U.S. Civil War. Rhodes noted in his diary on October 11, 1864 that his pet lamb survived the battle of Opequon and is well known in the city. By November 1, 1864, Rhodes had moved with the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers and Dick to Middletown, Virginia. It was here that he celebrated the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln on November 10, 1864. Rhodes sold Dick to a butcher and invested the proceeds of the sale in bread and Bologna sausage.

The article describes the bond between French army veteran Monsieur Chillon and his pet donkey named Jason. Donkey Jason had already experienced plenty of adventure before he went to the Civil War in 1861. The owner acquired Jason when Chillon emigrated to California. On the first night in camp when it was time to turn in, Jason followed the regimental commander into his tent and snuggled up close, causing a good deal of hilarity among the soldiers in the camp. Jason and Chillon, you see, were accustomed to sleeping together when they traveled and the regiment's commander looked a lot like Chillon.

The article describes the use of a dog by spy Mrs. M during the U.S. Civil War. When she met General Neauregard,behind her followed her pet dog attached to a leash held tightly by Mrs. M. The General was horrified when the woman stooped over her little pet and plunged a knife into the dog's side. The general watched in horrified disbelief, but the dog was still wagging its tail, gazing with love into its mistress's face as Mrs. M. sawed away at the fake fur skin she had sewn around the dog's middle. Mrs. M handed General Beauregard the report that she had hidden underneath the dog's second coat of fur.

The article focuses on the role of Mary A. Bickerdyke, called Mother Bickerdyke by her soldier patients, when she was put in charge of the Main Hospital at Corinth, Mississippi, in the spring of 1862 and of the Gayoso Hospital in Memphis a year later. In her area fresh supplies were often hard to come by and resources were taxed in order to provide for her patients. These men she had placed in hospitals and then she continued on to Chicago, Illinois where she petitioned a wealthy farmer to donate a hundred cows to her cause. Before her furlough ended, Mother Bickerdyke returned to her hospital in Memphis, forming a part of a long procession that included the hundred cows and one thousand hens.

The article describes the faithful dog of Captain Werner von Bachelle during the U.S. Civil War. One of the Union combatants who fell on the battle on September 17, 1862 was Captain Werner von Bachelle of the 6th Wisconsin. The next morning, as the men went in to recover their dead and wounded, the little dog was found atop von Bachelle's body, dog tired but faithfully guarding his master even in death.

The article provides information on the dog named Mike owned by an army trooper during the U.S. Civil War, as highlighted in a sketch of Edwin Forbes. Many of the 22-year-old artist's sketches included animals, as in the accompanying drawing, an Army Forge, which depicts two cavalrymen visiting a blacksmith shop to have their horses shod. As Forbes made this sketch, his attention was centered on the trooper's dog, Mike, who is shown supervising the blacksmith. Mike was wounded twice and lost the end of his tail in the battle at Kelly's Ford.

The article focuses on the role of the dog named Stonewall in the Richmond Howitzer Battalion during the U.S. Civil War. During battle, Stonewall dashed about wildly, barking whenever there was a lull in the shooting. But the men worried about the little dog's safety during battle and quite often when the artillery came under fire, someone would catch the dog and drop him into an ammunition box until danger passed. As canine Stonewall's reputation for intelligence and bravery spread through the Army of Northern Virginia, the little dog became the target of elaborate theft schemes, and it was a confrontation between the cannoneers and the Louisianans of Brigadier General Harry Hays that finally separated Stonewall from his beloved comrades.

The article profiles author Marilyn Weymouth Seguin. She holds degrees in English and Communication from the University of Maine and The University of Akron. Seguin is the author of six books including "Song of Courage, Song of Freedom," the story of the child, Mary Campbell, held captive in Ohio by the Delaware Indians from 1759-1764. The Bell Keeper, the story of the massacre of the Indians at Gnadenhutten, Ohio, in 1782. and Silver Ribbon Skinny, the story of a boy on the Ohio & Erie Canal. Her interest in the American Civil War was sparked by research for a historical novel in progress. Marilyn lives in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, with husband Rollie.

The article provides information on the red rooster personal mascot of Sergeant Jerome B. McCanless of the 3rd Tennessee Regiment. Back in camp, McCanless hired an artist to paint a portrait of his feathered friend Jake, and after the war McCanless reportedly carried the image to many reunions of Confederate veterans. That portrait now hangs in the home of Attorney General McCanless of Nashville and Jake's military history is inscribed in a brass plate beneath the portrait. McCanless served until the end of the war, taking part in the Vicksburg, Atlanta and Nashville Campaigns and died in 1906

The article focuses on the role of the horse of U.S. Confederate General Phil Sheridan when Confederate General Jubal Early attacked them. On getting word of the battle in progress, the 5-foot 4-inch Sheridan leapt upon his horse named Rienzi and rode hard to Cedar Creek, just in time to repulse the attack. Sheridan was rewarded with a promotion to the rank of major general in the regular army, but it was the poet Thomas Buchanan Read who immortalized the real hero of that day, Sheridan's horse.