Background: Sex-/gender-related differences in cognitive control and how they relate to addictions may inform novel treatment options. Cognitive control, including Stroop performance, has been linked to addictions and treatment outcomes. The extent to which women and men with cocaine use disorder (CUD) show brain and behavioral differences relating to Stroop performance has not been previously studied. We examined sex-related differences in Stroop-related brain connectivity in female and male CUD and healthy-comparison (HC) subjects., Methods: 40 individuals with CUD (20 female) and 40 HC (20 female) subjects matched on age, race, and ethnicity completed an fMRI Stroop task. Intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD) and mean-adjusted ICD analyses were conducted to identify differences related to sex and diagnostic group. Stroop task performance was also considered., Results: Behavioral results confirmed a Stroop effect. A main effect of diagnostic group indicated that the CUD versus HC group showed lower connectivity in the prefrontal cortex, frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precuneus, cerebellum, and somatosensory, visual, and auditory areas. An exploratory main effect of sex suggested that males may show relatively lower connectivity than females in the cerebellum and brainstem, although connectivity was largely similar across sexes., Conclusions: Intrinsic connectivity during cognitive control varied by diagnostic group and possibly by sex. The findings suggest that interventions targeting cognitive control in CUD should consider sex., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with respect to the content of this manuscript. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the manuscript. Dr. Potenza has the following disclosures. He has consulted for and advised Opiant Pharmaceuticals, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, AXA, Game Day Data, Baria-Tek and the Addiction Policy Forum; has been involved in a patent application with Yale University and Novartis; has received research support (to Yale) from Mohegan Sun Casino, Children and Screens and the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling; has participated in surveys, mailings or telephone consultations related to drug addiction, impulse-control disorders or other health topics; has consulted for and/or advised gambling, non-profit and legal entities on issues related to internet-use/impulse-control/addictive disorders/behaviors; has performed grant reviews for research-funding agencies; has edited journals and journal sections; has given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events and other clinical or scientific venues; and has generated books or book chapters for publishers of mental health texts., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)