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Dairy-based powders produced from the combination of concentrated milk, whey, and maltodextrin (main constituents) were used as ingredients during infant formula production. The relation between the composition of each treatment and physicochemical properties of the powders were evaluated. In work, dairy-based powders were obtained by a mixture of concentrated milk and whey. Increasing the ratio whey/milk in the mixture before drying increases the concentration of lactose into dairy based powders and reduces total protein and fat content. Besides, the addition of maltodextrin and inulin reduced powder agglomeration increased the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles, and the theoretical glass transition temperature, exhibited strong spectral contributions to Raman spectroscopy. It was possible to infer changes in the bands by Raman spectroscopy between the formulated products, the main changes were related to the presence of lactose, maltodextrin, and inulin. Inulin is a better option than maltodextrin for drying dairy-based powders mainly because of its nutritional benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the wood shrinkage during drying in relationship with the temperature and moisture content. All tests were performed perpendicular to the grain on small clear wood specimens of green Western hemlock while drying at 40, 60, and 80°C to 17, 11, and 5% final moisture contents. Overall, wood dimensional changes and moisture loss phenomena were successfully analyzed and interpolated. The shrinkage strain followed a nonlinear pattern with the moisture loss being the driving force and exhibited good correlation with the square value of moisture content in tangential, and linear moisture values could be used to describe shrinkage in radial direction. Both shrinkage intersection points and end of capillary water values increased with temperature; the distinction between the two values could not be made at all times. A nonlinear function containing two regression coefficients (α and β) was found to be a good interpolation of the moisture loss experimental data. Further analyses revealed that β is independent of both target moisture content and temperature, whereas α appears to be influenced by both variables. The correlation between shrinkage and moisture loss rate is intended to be used as a stress prediction tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]