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• This paper discussed the interactive forms of environmental regulation. • The two-regime spatial Durbin model was used in this paper. • The effects of environmental regulation on CO 2 emissions is explored. In order to reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental governance, the paper discusses the interactive forms of environmental regulation based on the two-regime spatial Durbin model. The effects of environmental regulation and interactive behavior of environmental regulation on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions are explored by using the spatial lag of X (SLX) model. It is found that there is a diversified competitive behavior in the enforcement of environmental regulation among local governments in China. And the diversified competitive behavior results in the nearby transfer of pollution, which increases local CO 2 emissions. In addition, there is an inverted "U" curve between environmental regulation and CO 2 emissions, and China is still in the "green paradox" stage. Furthermore, it is found that the environmental regulation mainly affects CO 2 emissions through industrial structure and technological progress. Also, there are differences in the spatial spillover effect of environmental regulation due to the existence of regional heterogeneity, and its impact on CO 2 is particularly significant in the western region. The findings indicate that the central government should strengthen targeted supervision and adaptive incentives for local governments to implement environmental regulation so that joint emission reduction can be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Urban building system assumes significant environmental and ecological implications in terms of a contribution of emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. In order to understand the roles of urban building system in the global and regional climate changes, we set up an integrated model to analyze the carbon emissions of urban building system during its life cycle in this paper, which is called LCCE Model. The further analysis is made to examine the sources of CO2 emissions and the life cycle characteristics of typical architectural structures as masonry-concrete and steel-concrete. We first identified four major sources of CO2 emissions during the whole life cycle of urban building system, which are industrial process emissions, energy consumption emissions, fugitive emissions and land footprint emissions. Given an assumption of a building life cycle of 50years, we took urban residential buildings as an example and calculated CO2 emissions in the main five phases of an overall life cycle of a residential building system, including constructive materials preparation, building construction and reformation, building operation, building demolition as well as wastes treatment and recycling. A comparison was made to examine the differences of CO2 emissions among buildings with two typical architectural structures as masonry-concrete and steel-concrete. The results show that the latter produces less CO2 emission than the former per unit area. Specifically, the amount of CO2 emission is 329.61t for masonry-concrete buildings and 315.79t for steel-concrete buildings per 100m2. Most emissions come from energy consumption and land footprint, accounting for 78–83% and 13–20% of the total emissions respectively. According to our LCCE model, there is a great potential of reducing carbon emissions in urban building system. The key to reduce carbon emissions during the life cycle of urban buildings is directed to building wastes recycling, improvement of consumption patterns of energy and materials, preferential use of buildings with a moderate floor area ratio and effective utilization of natural energy and ecologically friendly building materials according to the characteristics of local urban development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]