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Attempts to analyze the effect of weather shocks on livestock production have been carried out using integrated assessment models (IAMs) or the cross-sectional (Ricardian) method. However, these methodologies are fraught with obvious shortcomings, such as omitted variable bias, amongst others. This paper, therefore, re-examines the relationship between weather changes and global livestock production using an established econometric strategy that takes care of the pitfalls inherent in the conventional approaches. Using country-level data and a variety of specifications, we find that a 1 °C increase in temperature will lead to a 9.7% reduction in global beef production on average. These adverse effects are amplified in hot, poor, and agriculture-dependent countries. Besides, we find that a marginal increase in annual precipitation would lead to a 2.1% increase in beef production in tropical countries but a 1.9% decrease in temperate ones. Also, our forecasts show that climate change will reduce animal output by a further 20% in the mid-century and an additional 40% by the end of the century assuming no adaptation other than the degree of adaptation observed in the historical period. • Temperature and precipitation affect global livestock production nonlinearly • The effect of warming is amplified in hot, poor, and agriculture-dependent countries • Rise in rainfall appears to be more favorable to livestock production in the tropics • Future weather projections suggest a further drop in global livestock production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how farmers adapt to salinity and waterlogging conditions by selecting crops. In this context, this study identifies salinity and waterlogging tolerant crops essential for the sustained livelihood of crop farmers. We developed a multinomial logit model and a cost-benefit analysis for assessing the effectiveness of farmers' selection of crops. Estimating the regression model across 1380 farmers in Koyra Upazila, we find that households' socio-economic-demographic characteristics are important contributors to crop selection. Access to market information, the optimal fertilizer dose, an early warning system, social mobilization, training, credit facilities, farming experience, wage labor, pest control, weed control, and land tenure status are all important factors in crop selection. This study suggests that farmers in this Upazila can cultivate hybrid sunflower, mustard seed, cotton, maize, and wheat in salinity affected farms in dryer locations. Likewise, they can also cultivate Aman paddy in water salinity and waterlogging affected farms. Prediction of the impact of salinity and waterlogging on net revenue must highlight not only changes in yields per crop but also crop selection and switching. • Changes in the frequency of extreme events are important for yield, stability and quality. • Agro-ecosystems are destroyed by catastrophic or devastating natural hazards. • The incidence of salinity and waterlogging directly affect the farmer in resource allocation. • Crop selection as climate change adaptation is a useful technique for better agrarian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp aquaculture is among the most vital sectors in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam regarding economic well-being, social aspects, and food security beyond the country boundary. Nevertheless, this sector has faced emerging challenges from increased climate variability during recent decades, negatively influencing its outcomes. This paper utilized farm-level data surveyed in 2019 to investigate the mechanisms behind households' decisions to adopt three primary climate change adaptation practices: upgrading pond dikes, lining ponds with plastic sheets, and having settling ponds. This study demonstrates the effects of adopting these strategies on shrimp farming performance. An endogenous switching regression model was employed to deal with potential selection bias and heterogeneity in the decision to adopt or not. We find that the adoption of upgrading pond dikes and having a settling pond result in higher productivity in shrimp farming, and both adopters and non-adopters of these strategies would benefit from the adaptation. As well, education of the farm operators and farmers' belief on changes in climatic conditions and their impacts on shrimp farming are the main drivers behind the adoption behavior. This study, therefore, provides empirical evidence for policymakers to promote specific climate change adaptation strategies that would improve the welfare of shrimp farmers. • Shrimp farmers' decision-making in climate change adaptation in the Mekong delta. • Education and climate belief are crucial factors of the adoption process. • Sizable effects on output stem from different primary adaptation practices. • Adaptation practices would benefit both adopters and non-adopters. • Adoption of the adaptation strategies positively links to shrimp productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ugandan territory is a challenging environment for agriculture due to extreme climate events. These are likely to harm the development of rural communities. Crop diversification and off-farm activities are considered potential adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate risk. This paper explores three main issues. The first one is the frequency and the intensity of climate shocks that push households to diversify their portfolio of livelihood options. The second one is about the market and the institutional factors that enhance the context where farmers can effectively diversify against adverse climate events. The last issue concerns the mix of crop and income diversification that minimises the welfare variability and the downside risk. To address these points, the study exploits four rounds of the Ugandan National Panel Survey and the SPEI climatic index to estimate a panel multinomial endogenous switching model. Results demonstrate that farmers' diversification response to the climate shocks is not linear. Moreover, the empirical analysis shows that a medium crop diversification maximises mean welfare, while a mix of high crop and income diversification generates the largest impact on the downside risk reduction. Social and human capital are crucial to improve the chance of an effective diversification-based adaptation. • Diversification of crop species and off-farm income sources can help rural farmers mitigating adverse climatic events. • A Panel multinomial endogenous switching model is estimated with socioeconomic and climate shocks data in Uganda. • Farmers diversify if with high frequencies of past shocks in the mid--run, while they prefer specialisation in the shortrun. • Medium diversification improves the average welfare; high diversification insures against risk and extreme welfare losses. • Social capital is crucial to enhance the effectiveness of diversification strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]