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Proponents of distributive justice with regard to energy hold that every household has the right to affordable access to energy. However, when passively participating in clean energy reform policies, households, and especially low-income households, are often forced to use energy beyond the scope of affordability, resulting in distributive injustice. However, research on the quantitative estimation of injustice in energy distribution is still rare. In this paper, an evaluation model of energy vulnerability and distributive justice is established through the "reverse deduction method," and the change value of energy vulnerability before and after energy reform is used to calculate the loss value of distributive justice, which is used as the basis for energy policy evaluation. Taking the policy of replacing coal with natural gas for rural heating in Gaocheng District, Hebei Province, China as a case study, the value of lost distributive justice is calculated. The results show that 34.51% of households experienced distributive injustice after the energy reform, while 19.34% of households improved their energy vulnerability and achieved energy justice through energy subsidy policies. However, 46.15% of households were able to adapt to the energy reform independently without subsidies, which indicates a waste of resources in the energy subsidy policy. The policy implication of these results is that differentiated energy subsidy policies should be implemented according to household energy vulnerability, so as to maximize the policy benefits on the premise of ensuring justice in household energy distribution and minimizing injustice. The empirical study proves that the method of assessing injustice in energy distribution based on the "reverse deduction method" of energy vulnerability is feasible and a new attempt. • The passive participation of low-income households in clean energy reform policies results in distributive injustice. • Apply the vulnerability framework to calculate energy distribution injustice. • The implementation of differentiated subsidies can effectively improve the vulnerability of rural households energy poverty. • It is feasible and a new attempt to measure energy distributive injustice by using the "reverse deduction method". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper presents a method that addresses the problem of the amount of green space required for the environment areas of lower biodiversity by the ecological element threshold method. The original habitat had been highly disturbed by human activities in most developing countries. Taking the population carrying capacity, the balance of carbon–oxygen, and the supply–demand equilibrium of water resource as a group of conjugate restriction factors of green space planning, it quantifies the total amount of green space required to keep the ecological system in balance for the town of Shaliuhe, Hebei Province as the case study. The results show that the main restrictive factor at Shaliuhe town is the imbalance between the supply and demand for the water resource, 89.34% of which is used in agriculture. Therefore, the effects of various ecological improvements are calculated for the years 2005, 2010 and 2015. This case study could be used as a model for the planning of other towns on the northeast China plain to improve the environment, ecology and sustainability. Similarly, the Chinese scenario might provide a useable reference to other developing countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]