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Highlights • We divided the households in the YNL river region into three types. • We identified the determinants affecting the livelihood choice of sample households. • We made some policy recommendations to help the local people get rid of poverty. Abstract Governmental policies that can develop advantageous endogenous livelihood transition are of great importance for anti-poverty. However, the existing research finds that in the Tibetan Plateau, there is a certain contradiction between the poverty alleviation policies and the local farmers' needs, and thus the effect of these policies will be weakened and the goal of poverty alleviation be missed. It is therefore imperative to identify and analyze the factors influencing the livelihood choice so that policy makers and development practitioners can design policies that will tackle the poverty afflicting the majority of the local people. This paper provides a new method for anti-poverty policymaking and conducts a case study to enrich the safety net/cargo net paradigms. In this paper, household data in the YNL river region are used and a two-step clustering method is developed to classify these households into three types: hanging in (type I), stepping up (type II) and stepping out (type III). Then a multinomial logit model is adopted to identify determinants of households' livelihood choice. The results indicate that drought poses a significant negative impact on farmers' choice of type II, while household size, educational level of labor and medical expenditure have a significant positive impact on the choice of type II; spring frost, proportion of skilled training, borrowed money and the ratio of agricultural equipment have a significant positive impact on their choice of type III. Some anti-poverty policy implications are put forward in the last on the basis of these determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is predicted to have severe impacts on mountainous regions, including urban settlements, and livelihoods of the urban poor. Adaptive capacity for marginalized groups is largely determined by household-level resources and decision-making capacity. This study investigated the vulnerability status and prevalent adaptation strategies of urban slum dwellers in Dehradun, Indian Himalayas, using a pre-tested questionnaire covering household characteristics and indicators of vulnerability, in face-to-face interviews with the head of 122 randomly selected households in four slums. We found that overall vulnerability was very high, with very low absorptive and coping capacity for potential impacts of climate change. Moreover, vulnerability and coping strategies were socially differentiated in terms of the decision-making capability and resource capacity of households. Two groups per category (good and bad decision makers; poor and poorer households) were distinguished. The exposure dimension of vulnerability differed significantly by resource capacity and decision capability. However, the sensitivity dimension of vulnerability did not differ between the groups, while the adaptive capacity dimension of vulnerability differed depending on decision-making capability. In designing appropriate strategies for long-term disaster mitigation for urban slums, it is thus important to address slum socio-ecology and the capability and capacity of slum dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are generally considered highly vulnerable to climate change because they suffer from most common environmental problems due to their smallness, remoteness and exposure to natural hazards, though they contribute less to climate change. However, international cooperation can improve the negative impacts of climate change by incentivizing adaptation policies. The vulnerability assessment becomes crucial because it can be used to allocate the international cooperation resources targeted to adaptation plans. The aim of this paper is to assess of the vulnerability in Small Island Developing States. Using a comprehensive dataset including 32 variables, we synthetize the vulnerability with a composite indicator. Then, we analyze the vulnerability’s dynamics over time from 2009 to 2014. Lastly, we explore the dimensions of vulnerability to assess those that have a greater weight on overall vulnerability. Our findings show that the vulnerability of Small Island Developing States is partly driven by common characteristics, such as isolation and extreme exposure to the effects of climate change, but the degree of vulnerability of identified dimensions is different among countries. Our results give indications to better target development aid, giving suggestions on the more relevant dimensions for action to reduce the vulnerability of each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies estimate the immediate impact of climate change on agricultural societies in terms of changes in crop yields or farm income, though few studies concentrate on the immediate secondary consequences of climate change. This synthetic analysis uses a set of indicators to assess the repercussions of predicted income reductions resulting from climate change on food consumption, nutrition, health expenditure, education, and recreation in Zimbabwe, Cameroon, South Africa and Ethiopia. We also assess the potential decline in human development potential among smallholder dryland farmers in these sub-Saharan African countries. In contrast to previous efforts, the current study directly integrates the uncertainties in estimations of income changes and secondary consequences through a weighting scheme. The results reveal moderate to high levels of secondary impacts which could lead to increased vulnerability to diseases, susceptibility to nutritional disorders, deprivation of educational opportunities, and ultimately to a reduction in human and societal development potential among the considered nations. The article concludes by proposing a portfolio of policy options for ameliorating the secondary impacts of climate change in these sub-Saharan African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of CO 2 emission has become a major issue causing greater concern to the global economies due to its potential environmental effects and impact on climate change. In order to address this issue and mitigate its harmful effects on the environment, it is imperative to reduce CO 2 emission drastically and fairly quickly. In this paper we have been focusing on alternative linkage methodologies for measuring CO 2 emission, which entails linkages among the productive sectors in an economy. Methods, dealing with inter-sectoral carbon linkage measures can be summarized into two main categories, i.e. (a) the concept of traditional backward and forward linkages and (b) hypothetical extraction method (HEM). The (HEM) method is used to hypothetically extract a sector from an economic system and examine the influence of this extraction on other sectors in an economy. In this study we will evolve the environmentally extended input–output model to measure the CO 2 emission linkages among the productive sectors in Italy using data obtained in 2011. Using the HEM method, the backward linkage emission and forward linkage emission are calculated to characterize the behavior of these sectors. The results obtained from these measures will enable us to formulate hypothesis about the direction and strength of the relationship between various linkages and will also indicate which key CO 2 emitter sector measures are most similar and which are most dissimilar. According to the size of the various linkage measures, all sectors of the economy can be grouped into four categories. These measures allow us to examine and identify those sectors, which deserve more consideration in formulating mitigation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]