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• The extent of flooding in China is greater than in any other country. • Nearly 66% of China's landmass is submerged by flooding. • Financial toll of flooding accounts for approximately 1.42% of the annual GDP. • Various forms of climatic change contribute to flooding. The extent of flooding in China is more significant than in any other country. Our research reveals that approximately 66 % of China's landmass is submerged by flooding, affecting about 50 % of the population. Furthermore, the financial toll of flooding now accounts for approximately 1.42 % of the annual gross domestic product (GDP), which is almost 40 times higher than the corresponding figure for the United States. We have observed that Zhengzhou city in Henan province, which faced a devastating flood in 2021, received a significant amount of rainfall, specifically a total of 552.5 mm within a 24-hour period. The floods in Henan province in 2021 caused considerable damage, including impacting nearly 15 million people, resulting in almost 400 deaths, damaging over 10,000 square kilometers of agricultural land, causing almost $19 billion in economic losses, and leading to the collapse of over 35,000 households and damage to various properties. In a similar manner, the significant flooding that occurred in southern China in 2020 impacted approximately 7.1 million individuals across eight provinces and resulted in 54 fatalities, the collapse of 6,700 houses, and incurred a direct economic loss of US$3.33 billion. We found that rainstorms have significantly increased to 10 % in the last 60 years in China. In this paper, we delved into exploring the existing published articles, reports, and government and authoritative legal texts to analyze the causes and impacts of flooding in China's flood-prone regions and potential mitigation strategies to reduce the repercussions of distressing flood events. We believe this study will help policymakers by providing new insights while formulating policy to reduce the loss caused by high-level flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper provides a comprehensive conceptual analysis of disaster resilience in climate-vulnerable communities. • The research employs the Walker and Avant Method to elucidate the notion of resilience within the framework of climate vulnerability. • A practical framework and a set of ecological indicators are proposed for environmental impact assessments in disaster resilience. • The research provides tangible illustrations of the proposed approaches and indicators in practical contexts. Resilience is a prior term of debate in vulnerability research irrespective of discipline. Nowadays the resilience concept has been used abnormally in many cases without realizing its intended meaning. Therefore, this study clarifies the resilience concept in the context of climate vulnerability. An integrated review of the literature has been done by the PRISMA approach to identify the most relevant documents. Besides Walker and Avant Method has been used to analyze the concept of resilience. The use of concept in different disciplines, historical perspectives, dimensions, attributes, consequences, and relationship with vulnerability and adaptability have been reviewed to clarify it. This study also provides a theoretical and workable definition of resilience from the perspective of climate change and natural hazards. A conceptual framework has been developed with concept mapping, contributing to the existing debate on resilience study. A case analysis has been done by focusing on a climate-vulnerable community living in the riverine islands in Bangladesh. This article shows that socio-ecological systems approach to defining small island disaster resilience has shortcomings. Additionally, the research-policy divide in resilience studies is exacerbated by the paucity of studies that use the participatory approach to identify disaster resilience indicators. The study makes a compelling case for further research on how to turn academic discoveries into a resource that might benefit local people, particularly those on small islands. The study suggests that social community-based resilience should be developed to protect geographically isolated communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An attempt to Modify SPEI based on Thiessen's polygon weighting. • Quantify the scope and extent of drought and the alternating cycles of dry and wet changes. • Predict the dry and wet conditions based on the neural network model. Understanding monitor accurately and predicting drought conditions are necessary to prevent economic losses and natural disasters. Now, there is still a lack of comprehensive assessment of drought prediction in Xinjiang. In order to better predict the future drought trend, firstly we analyzed the trends of SPEI and the magnitude and frequency of drought in selected surface meteorological stations from 1960 to 2017. Secondly, we compared drought trends and spatial distribution characteristics of SPEI and PDSI. Based on historical data from 1960 to 2017, the paper predicted the trends of SPEI and PDSI in the next five years. The results show that the winter SPEI has risen significantly, and there was a SPEI value mutation in 1994. The Spring, Summer and Autumn SPEI show an insignificant downward trend. It is relatively stable on other time scales , and there is no significant sudden change. It is inferred thatthe increasing trend of wetting that may occur under different time scales at NRX in 2021, winter and annual scales will continue to be humidified, and spring, summer, and autumn will continue to be arid. Droughts in NRX occur at least once every three years, which is a high frequency event. The prediction results of the artificial neutral network (ANN) method based on multilayer feed forward network show that probability of humidification at NRX is more likely in the future, and the prediction results of wavelet and Hurst index are basically consistent with that of ANN method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combining emergy with factor analysis can reduce the singleness and subjectivity of evaluation. • From the ecological, economic, engineering and social aspects to evaluate regional resilience. • Provide a good practical case for studying the regional resilience of developing countries. • Provide a good basis for government decision making. With the aggravation of global climate change, the frequency of global natural disasters is increasing year by year. How to actively respond to natural disasters has become the key to ensure the sustainable development of the region. Since urbanization in developing countries is much lower than that in developed countries, most scholars in the past focused on the regional resilience of developed countries rather than developing countries. China is the largest developing country in the world, choosing China as the research area has practical guiding significance. To assess the current state of China's regional resilience capacity, this paper establishes an evaluation system of resilience capacity index of 28 indicators based on China's actual situation. The comprehensive emergy and factor analysis method are used to evaluate the resilience capacity index of 26 regions (provinces) in China from four aspects: ecology, economy, engineering, and society. The results show that economy and ecology are the critical factors affecting regional resilience capacity index. China's regional resilience index has apparent characteristics of agglomeration, distribution, and imbalance in space. China's coastal resilience index is generally higher than China's inland region, showing gradient differentiation in spatial change. These characteristics are influenced by China's policy, which is consistent with the expected early effect of China's reform and opening-up policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]