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The objective of this study is to carry out a survey of the different studies that have been carried out in Cuba in terms of ecosystem services valuation. It is a path little traveled and on rise that requires the detection of its strengths and gaps as a guide to the execution of said investigations with de human capital that the country possesses. A total of 42 papers were compiled, including 14 scientific articles, 8 diploma theses, 15 doctoral theses and 5 master´s theses. The ecosystem services most evaluated were those of fibre and food supply, the regulation of climate, water, natural hazard and air quality and within cultural services, aesthetic values and recreation and ecotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the objectives set out in its National Economic and Social Development Plan through 2030, Cuba needs to have a solid, diversified, articulated and complementary productive structure. It represents a challenge for the country to make the changes foreseen in the Conceptualization of the Cuban economic and social development model to adapt the current dynamics and requirements of international economic development. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the current productive structure, measuring the relative importance and complementarity of the sectors in national economy, based on indicators of the National Accounts System. The main results reflect sectoral imbalances and small sectoral complementarity, low productive linkages, asymmetries development of provinces, low complexity exportable products with limited added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of current debates on development problems, it is very common to speak of economic transition, of the causes of social crises and to blame, only, national states with internal policies that prevent them from advancing to higher forms of material and spiritual growth, exonerating the great powers and the most important centers of economic and financial power from all kinds of influences. In this sense, even when is visible that most of the analyzes on these issues ignore the struggle sun leashed, historically, with in the socialist experiences and the tribulations because they went through to overcome the agro-industrial and social backwardness in general, it seems convenient to return to the original Marxism and to the practical experience of Lenin, to re-evaluate some of his most important theoretical-methodological contributions and determine which of these could be useful to us today in order to overcome under development. It is precisely what this paper proposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about corporate entrepreneurship as a particular field on entrepreneurship related to established business, an understudied issue in Cuba. Considering the current situation of our state owned enterprises, has a potential for business renewal that should be taken into account. Therefore, theoretical frame, external and internal conditions for corporate entrepreneurship implementation is briefly discussed. An updated assessment of our state owned enterprises is also included and, finally, some ideas about corporate entrepreneurship implementation in our country are outlined, considering a context of profound transformations on this business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2015, the 2030 Agenda was presented, which establishes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals that all countries and stakeholders must meet by the year 2030. It is an apparently transformative and inclusive proposal; however, interpreting its essence is of notable importance for underdeveloped societies, since it reveals that the agenda favors capital management. This paper addresses, from the critique of political economy, the essence of the «new» agenda. Although it recognizes that the SDGs can constitute a step forward in overcoming many of the problems inherent to under development, it states that the SDG respond to power relations corresponding to the logic of reproduction of capital on an international scale. Fulfillment of the SDGs must have as basis the distinction between essence and appearance, only then can it truly contribute to the development of nations, and especially those that advocate the socialist alternative to the logic of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with quality paradigms, their evolution and impact on today's society and higher education processes. The issued guidelines on accrediting Cuban higher This paper deals with quality paradigms, their evolution and impact on today's society and higher education processes. The issued guidelines on accrediting Cuban higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate around the use of the value chain or supply chain approach has been present for more than a decade in academic and organizational fields, with arguments for and against each of these perspectives. The study supporting the results presented in this paper aims to analyze both approaches and their evolution critically. For this, the authors start from the study of the term logistics as the root of the research, which leads to the subsequent examination of the approaches under analysis. The elements that justify using one or another perspective are presented, and the arguments for why using the value chain approach is considered more successful under current conditions. Finally, it concludes with a conceptualization proposal for the term value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the theoretical conceptions defined for the new Cuban economic and social Model. It also warns about how difficult is to implement the economic reform. The main objective of the paper is to propose an approach for teaching "Political Economy of Socialism", which develops the ability of critical reflection in University students, instead of the assimilation of theories which validity can be limited to historical changing context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the current world economy is described in the light of the Marxist method whose theoretical definition in the realm of economic analysis is Capital. Two theoretical categories of a social nature are taken as starting points-productive forces (closely related to relations of production), and imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism. Both categories and their connection with each other are explained in this paper, Part I. In Part II, it is examined how this connection occurs, inasmuch as the destruction of productive forces is an increasing historical need under imperialism (crises, wars, and specially devaluation of labor force), which is shown in the recent sequence crisisadjustmentcrisis. This allows the escaping forward to be verified. Capitalism usually escapes forward in order to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management by means of processes is an effective way to raise results in the local public administration performance. This paper suggests an approach to the map of processes for local public administration management, as a result of analyzing contributions of different authors, the study of models and trends, normative experiences from the last 50 years, as well as the study of the plans endorsed for local public management improvement. Starting from a theoretical and epistemic formulation of this theme, the paper deepens into the Cuban local public administration, and a first approach to its processes map is presented, which is directed towards results. A procedure for identifying and defining processes in public local administration is added which is derived from the combination of different methods and techniques. This proposal contributes to the establishment of a management model for the Cuban local public administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major changes made by virtue of the updating of the Cuban economic and social model has been the establishment of non-agricultural cooperatives. This paper examines the characteristics of these, determines their potential for and obstacles to their development, and whether or not they are operating according to the basic cooperative principles. For this, apart from consulting the main literature thereon, a sample of members of construction industry cooperatives was surveyed in several municipalities of Havana. This paper starts from some conceptual considerations, examines the characteristics of cooperatives, particularly the ones in the Cuban construction industry, their potential and trouble, and lays down some guidelines intended to contribute to their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debate on financing for development is particularly important today, given the need of getting resources for achieving the development objectives internationally established. This paper, from a theoretical perspective, gets close to the subject of financing for development, by analyzing some aspects such as the origin of the phenomenon, the causes of the underdeveloped countries for needing external financing, and the motivations of developed countries regarding this problem. The paper also reflects on the contribution of the international financial flow of capital for development, and on the significance of conceptual perspective about the development subject in the financing agendas. In this way, the paper deepens on the dependence and dominance relations to which underdeveloped countries have been historically submitted, which are present in the origin and evolution of this subject matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of social spending in Cuba, considering that this serves as a reference to analyze the importance assigned to social policy in a country. For this purpose, it starts with the analysis of Cuba's current situation in comparison with Latin America, based on the use of different social performance indicators. Likewise, a synthetic indicator of such performance is constructed as a measure of effectiveness and is compared with the expenditures spent for such purposes, as a measure of efficiency. It is found that Cuba is the most effective country in the region, but at the same time the least efficient. In order to face this challenge, a set of policy reflections is synthesized to contribute to the improvement of equity in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings to the debate on the Cuban reality the issue of public-private partnerships (PPP) and their possible use as an instrument that would contribute to the economic and social transformation of the nation. The article examines the international experience, the main characteristics of PPPs, their use in different realities and the pros and cons of their operation. Considering the changes that have been taking place, the opening to new agents, the new role of territories in growth and development and the budgetary restrictions that Cuba faces, some ideas are advanced on the challenges and possibilities of using PPPs in the country. Contrary to what might be thought, Cuba has had positive experiences in this regard in the field of infrastructure, which would allow extending it to other segments of socioeconomic activity where the State is unable to meet existing needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Budget transfers to the Cuban business sector increased significantly in the last 15 years, reaching 25% of GDP in 2018. This increase was fundamentally a consequence of a strategy oriented to mitigate the effects of the overvaluation of the official exchange rate on the business sector, particularly on exportable products and import substitutes. The objective of this research is to characterize this subsidy scheme. The results suggest that the transfers allowed firms to cover at least part of their productive inefficiency, in part because of the design of the scheme was based on accounting criteria that limited incentives towards cost minimization. The main implication of the paper is that a relative price correction itself, such as, for example, that associated with "ordenamiento monetario", would not be sufficient to promote aggregate productivity gains; on the contrary, it would have to be complemented with institutional and structural policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic crises can be analyzed as part of the economic cycle and from different theoretical perspectives. The article considers economic crises or recessions, in general, as capitalism's own mechanisms to alleviate its contradictions and restore, at least partially, the previous accumulated imbalances. The period 1970 to 2020 covers eight economic crises, some of which determine changes in the internal structure, economic policy trends and the functioning of the U.S. economy, as the main center of the world economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the set of economic crises of the last fifty years in a panoramic manner, to evaluate them as part of the process of major economic transformations and associated economic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that the European Economic Community (1958), which became the European Union in 1995, is the integrationist scheme with the greatest global scope in the modern era. However, its evolution has not been free of ups and downs, expressing the very contradictions inherent to the phenomenon and the manifestation of the different realities faced by its members over time. There are many examples of the actions implemented by the European project with a view to strengthening its global hegemonic role, but the Common Agricultural Policy, the implementation of the euro as the common currency of a large part of the members and the increase in the number of participants stand out for their scope and implications. The analysis of these three aspects constitutes the main objective of this paper, from which the connotation of the process and its multiple global consequences are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how, in the five decades since the Bretton Woods international monetary system went into crisis, important transformations have taken place in international finance associated with processes of liberalization, integration, securitization and financial innovation. As a result, the monetary and financial landscape is essentially characterized by high levels of deregulation and interconnection of the securities, money and credit markets; great magnitude and dynamism of the activity of the institutions and agents operating in them; and persistent volatility of interest rates, exchange rates, stock market indexes and access to financing. In this environment, a distinctive feature is the permanent risk of shocks and crises and the consequent uncertainty that dominates the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fifty years, international trade in services has changed, grown and become the most dynamic segment of world trade and a very important pillar of the international economy. The purpose of this paper is to summarize its evolution during this period, its growth dynamics, by categories of services and by modes of supply, its geographical distribution and the contribution of services to the international economy. The General Agreement on Trade in Services constitutes its multilateral regulatory framework. It summarizes the main trends in recent years, which demonstrate the adjustment and resilience of trade in services. It is concluded that the strength, diversity and adaptability of services confirm the trends of the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change from one model of accumulation to another does not occur automatically, nor does one abruptly supplant the other, but rather it is a process that is accompanied by dissimilar events of a global character that introduce the necessary bases for capitalism to reconvert itself in its moments of "crisis". This paper aims to synthesize the main features that have characterized capitalist accumulation in the last fifty years; particularizing the most important characteristics of the model of global accumulation, especially those that define the modes of international insertion in the present, within the framework of global value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A logical and historical analysis about the evolution of the accommodation industry and the interrelation between its forms of property and managementis carried out in this paper, based on the dialectical and materialistic approach and using as foundation a bibliographic research which identifies the modes of entrance of the international hotel industry, in its expansion as development strategic options for the hotel industry of the recipient countries. We got to the conclusion that the technology of the hotel chains in its international expansion through management modes remains protected, despite the barriers which slow down its spreading in the recipient countries. All this damages the development of the national hotel groups. Finally, some alternatives allowing to revert this situation in favor of endogenous development of the national hotel industries, are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from the premise that a business management from a gender perspective would contribute to a balanced relationship between men and women in all political, economic and social fields, from the empowerment and economic autonomy of women, the less favored group. In this paper we try to give a brief scene on the gender theme and its relation to business management, as well as to point out some elements about the opportunities and challenges of the Cuban business system for the inclusion of gender perspective into the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to characterize the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Central America, showing its difference with Latin America and pointing out the negative economic growth forecasts and government laws approved through the integration of information and offered by organizations such as the Inter-American Development Bank, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Central American Integration System, which predict a shorter period of economic recession but a high social cost for the sub-region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the results of the policies applied in Latin America and the Caribbean, based on the study of various economic and social indicators in two groups of countries, one of which is made up of those that formed part of the so-called "progressive wave" of the 21st century (Group 1) and the other of those whose governments responded to liberal orthodoxy by maintaining a neo-liberal economic model (Group D). The structural changes that occurred and their subsequent development are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze how competition is the coercive force imposed by the laws of capital on individuals and society as a whole. Its existence does not depend on economic policy but on the capitalist organization of the economy, and its effects are a series of economic trends in capitalist development. However, competition is also a powerful tool in the class struggle. The neoliberal turning point has liberated this force and directed it against the working class, developing processes of globalization and commodification that have completely restructured economic and social relations according to the demands of capitalist accumulation. At the same time, it explains how the increase in competition to universal value has produced a political and cultural transformation in society that makes the struggle against capital and competition seem irrational and unscientific today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure is one of the essential factors for advancing a successful productive transformation agenda. Cuba, which has achieved relevant results in the midst of serious economic difficulties, still has a considerable gap in the provision of services such as telecommunications and transport. This paper aims to analyse the country's situation in these areas and to study public-private partnerships and their possible application in Cuba as a solution to infrastructure deficits and fiscal restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to advance in a possible development process, Cuba needs to elaborate a growth strategy based on the commitment to strategic sectors. Although this seems to be the intention expressed in the first document published on the National Development Plan until 2030, a considerable number of unknowns associated with such a proposal arise. On the one hand, it remains to be defined what institutional changes will be introduced in the economic model to implement the strategy, what role (if any) the industrial sector will play, how -and under what precepts- the sequence of necessary transformations will be programmed, among others. Likewise, it is not known what criteria were used for the selection of the sectors presented and under what priority they were established. Based on the analysis of indicators, this paper bases the bet on a set of manufacturing activities that should represent the basis of the strategy and reflects on some accompanying measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the evolution of the Cuban state-owned enterprise (CEE) from the late 1980s to the present. It analyses the transformations in its management systems, the prevailing relationship between the centralisation and decentralisation of the economy and entrepreneurial autonomy. It also suggests directions for a programme of transformation of the state-owned enterprise, the main economic agent in the Cuban model of economic and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the contribution of new non-agricultural cooperatives (NACs) to local development in Cuba. The starting point is the systematisation of theoretical approaches to the potential of co-operatives for this purpose, as well as their limitations. The extent to which the CNAs have contributed to the development of the communities where they are located is examined by analysing the scope of their economic management, the direct satisfaction of local consumption needs, their contribution via taxes and coordination with representatives of local interests. It concludes with a proposal of measures to facilitate these socio-economic organizations to realize their potential and overcome their limitations in order to contribute to local development and, thus, to that of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strengthening the municipalities as a fundamental instance and reducing the main disproportions that exist among them today requires the presence in each territory of qualified personnel to face such challenges. As of the 2016-2017 academic year, important modifications were introduced in the procedure for entering the modalities of courses for meetings and distance education at the university level. This paper analyzes the impact of these changes on the access of municipalities to that level of education. The results show that the transformations introduced favor the entrance, but there are still notable differences between territories. The 15 municipalities with the worst situation in terms of access to higher education in recent years and the effect on them of the changes mentioned are presented. The results obtained show that the greatest differences between territories can be seen in the admission to daytime courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine how the Cuban agricultural sector participates in the country's economic development process. To this end, it analyzes the way in which it contributes to feeding the people, as well as its contribution of labor force and foreign currency for the promotion of other economic activities. Its relationship with the external sector is deepened, since the balance of payments restriction that Cuba faces is, precisely, one of the greatest obstacles to achieve a more dynamic economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at classifying the municipalities of the province of Holguín according to the level of local development. Econometric and valuation methods included in the methodological guidelines on the multilevel consultation procedure for the Local Development Strategy, designed by academics of the University of Holguín, were used. An overview of the economic situation of the municipalities is presented. The results show that the municipalities of Holguín, Moa, and Mayarí have a higher level of local development than the other municipalities by far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 with a moment magnitude of 7.8, affecting mostly the provinces of Manabí and Esmeraldas, and causing loss of life and serious damages to infrastructure and manufacturing industries. This paper is aimed at studying, by adopting a quantitative approach, the impact of tax benefits on the economic reactivation of Manabí after the said earthquake. The study is focused on the macroeconomic variables private investment, production, sales, and employment rates, whose values were compared before and after the earthquake, namely between 2014 und 2017. The results show that more local economic policies need to be adopted in order to improve the current conditions, so short- and medium-term analyses and forecasts could be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate orientation of public spending in order to constant preservation of population life conditions, contribute to mitigate socioeconomic inequalities in territorials. That issue becomes more due the promotion of local equilibrated distribution in order to reduce inequalities gap. In Ecuador, the orientation is sustained in Adequate orientation of public spending in order to constant preservation of population life conditions, contribute to mitigate socioeconomic inequalities in territorials. That issue becomes more due the promotion of local equilibrated distribution in order to reduce inequalities gap. In Ecuador, the orientation is sustained in dissatisfaction basic needs index, which limits the distribution objectivity. This paper shows one instrument designed to determine those gaps as complement of public spending orientation in Los Ríos Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with major challenges faced by Cubans concerning labor and care, from the perspective on the care economy and its implications for gender equality. Concepts are discussed first, and then the current situation of labor and care in Cuba is depicted. Some suggestions about what kind of public policies should be adopted are made. The results show that, in spite of the progress made in Cuban women's rights and opportunities, gender equality is not fully guaranteed, which is showed mostly in sociocultural patterns accentuating the sexual division of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve distribution mechanisms is one of the problems of major importance to the transition to socialism in Cuba. One the most serious challenges to be immediately faced in this stage of constructing socialism is to use work for wealth creation, so people's quality and standard of life could be improved. Ways of contributing to the implementation of institutional distribution according to work in today's Cuba are as follows: improving mechanisms for distribution; giving individual and collective incentives; increasing productivity; paying more attention to peoples' working and living conditions, so these could be improved. This paper examines current trends in and contradictions of distribution according to work, and suggests ways of improving it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities contribute to social progress, economic growth, and cultural development to a large extent. Nowadays, universities in Cuba and all over the world are trying harder and harder to improve the quality of the processes occurring at them. For universities to be able to develop, and comply with their social responsibility it is essential for them to achieve total material and financial security, so fundamental activities at universities could be performed properly through the appropriate use of human, material, and financial resources, which will benefit living, working, and studying conditions at universities. This paper is aimed at showing the situation of total material and financial security in Cuban higher education institutions between 2009 and 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the use of natural resources to produce commodities which maintain life, and contribute to countries' economic and social growth, which is why it needs more research and innovation for development. In this context, innovations should be given special attention, as well as strategies for establishing effective management processes which will allow production systems to be efficient and sustainable and make contributions to action against hunger and underdevelopment. This is why there is a need for research to be carried out in order to gain a theoretical insight into aspects of managing innovation in agriculture. This paper presents the state of the art in innovation, innovation in agriculture, its stages and management. Historical evolution of the conception of innovation management and its contextualization in the agricultural sector are also showed. It is demonstrated that this conception has contradictions and inadequacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with ethical issues associated with electronic government and how this has evolved (citing examples), and the impact of this digital interactions on a country's population. Features of information and knowledge societies are examined, and how information and communication technologies could improve people's lives, especially by generating, sharing and making available to all members of the society information and knowledge. Electronic democracy and technological, educational, cultural, and legal conditions it encompasses are studied. Additionally, ethical issues and moral values of this type of government, which are essential for it to be implemented and improved, are dealt with in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A way of encouraging local entrepreneurial spirit is to strengthen the government-universitybusiness relation by establishing concepts of technology transfer, which will be in line with the different levels of development of intellectual capital. This paper is aimed at measuring the impact of intellectual capital on local entrepreneurship. Mixed methods research was carried out, including Kendall and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Small and medium correlations obtained suggest that intellectual capital has little impact on entrepreneurship in stockbreeding, but many aspects could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, governments are required to improve their management systems, and set new goals of meeting citizens' needs. The appearance of new actors and know-how in today's Cuban economy compels local governments to learn how to be more efficient. To meet citizens' needs through adequate public service delivery should be public servants' first priority, who need to have the right skills and attitudes to do it. Management monitoring and assessment systems are tools essential to the public administration, allowing its successes to be monitored, and its impact on citizens' quality of life measured. This paper examines whether or not public institutions, their officers, new actors, and citizens are ready to face challenges that territoriality represents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, final sale prices of products are something to be considered by producers for decision-making. This is why how fast and symmetrically price changes are transmitted along value chains will influence profit distribution and welfare of individuals within value chains. This paper examines pricing, value chain formation as a result of the capitalist development, and price transmission theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper briefly analyzes the development of the foreign investment as from the 90's, and exposes the enormous weight the international economic associations in force have, especially on sales, goods exports, and the country's direct revenues, derived from the introduction of technologies, investment, and the search of external markets. The paper emphasizes the need of foreign investment revival so that it can contribute to speed up the economic growth. The key for its launching is further described, which can be the recent passing of the decree which will make possible the progress of a special development area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at contributing to the debate on the need and the role of the market in contemporary Cuban socialist economy. The research work demystifies the identity between capitalism and market - which prevailed, for a long time, in the economic theory of socialism-; several theoretical premises of socialist market economy in China are summarized, and its transcendence assessed; and necessary conditions in Cuba to regard market, and functions to comply with from then on are determined. The paper states the mistake to negate market, and it confirms the fact that the Cuban economy is driving towards an economic model that fits its planned management with the law of value (to this effect, macroeconomic and microeconomic factors should be integrated in a systemic view of development), and that transition towards a new economic model will be a progressive, complex, and controversial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper offers the first results of a research on entrepreneurial management's innovation and practices, carried out in a group of enterprises in Cuba's capital city having satisfactory results in their innovation management in the last years. The paper includes some basic ideas on innovation; an explanation of the approach that Cuba follows at present aimed at evaluating innovation's management; an analysis of the leading results achieved in studied enterprises, and an assessment on certain practices considered indicative for innovation. Finally, some suggestions are presented in order to improve the enterprise's performance as to its management and its relationship with the other areas involved in the management results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a vision of economic cycle chief features, and the characteristics of current pattern of accumulation in the USA, established at the beginning of last century 90's, as of the analysis of the financial and economic crisis by the end of 2007. It assumes its most recent antecedents in economic relations and capitalist economy policies prevailing tendencies since the end of the 1970's, 1980's, and 1990's, which created the distinctive political, regulatory and institutional conditions of current North American imperialist economy, chiefly based on external financing through deregulated global capital markets. The paper also presents the chief functioning mechanisms of USA economy within this scope, as well as it goes briefly over the possibilities of its reconfiguration and establishment of a new international economic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of knowledge resulting from the fast-paced advance of science, and its use as a commodity, has given rise to the so-called «knowledge economy», and, consequently, to the emergence of high tech companies. The present paper provides some concepts and proposals, regarding the structure the economic management model of this kind of enterprises in Cuba should. The suggested model is aimed at guaranteeing key. Likewise, the paper also presents the feasibility of implementing this type of companies following existing circumstances and regulations in our economy, and regarding established guidelines as part of updating process of cuban economic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great athletes have leadership qualities on courts and fields (and sometimes off them), which may differ according to their characters, specific situations they are in, and features of teams they are on. It is very useful to study them and analyze their behavior in order to find out reasons for that. Very often, many employees exhibit the same character and temperament as great athletes do. These employees' personality traits need to be studied, because they need to be understood and encouraged. These employees may have an influence on their co-workers' jobs, and organizations. If business managers would study them, they would be able to draw an analogy between great athletes and these employees. They should find ways to stimulate their jobs, as much as great athletes' performance is encouraged. In this paper, suggestions for this are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the evolution and development of agrarian relations in Latin America, with emphasis on the present day. Relations between transnational food and agriculture corporations and Latin American small farmers are examined. Ecuadorian small farmers are taken as a case study which demonstrated that public policy fails to solve their problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El financiamiento de los sistemas de salud juega un rol central en los niveles de cobertura de los servicios de salud; asimismo, repercute en la calidad y en los resultados alcanzados no solo en esta esfera, sino también en términos sociales en general. Es por ello, que el propósito del presente artículo es reflexionar acerca de cómo el financiamiento de los sistemas de salud juega un rol clave en la provisión de servicios de mayor calidad, en el logro de una mayor cobertura y mejores resultados. La experiencia cubana ha alcanzado notables resultados en esta área, los cuales constituyen un referente a nivel mundial. En el caso de Cuba, esto se ha traducido en un financiamiento estatal de manera creciente en tiempo destinado al sistema nacional de salud, como una forma de garantizar una elevada cobertura, acceso universal, sostenibilidad de diferentes programas; así como, la calidad y resultados alcanzados en dicha área. Financing of health systems plays an essential role in the coverage levels of health services, likewise, this financing influence in quality and results achieved not only in this sphere, but also in social terms in general. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to reflect about the way the financing of health services plays an essential role in the provision of higher quality services, in achieving a greater coverage and better results. Cuban experience has reached remarkable results in this area, which constitutes a point of reference worldwide. In the case of Cuba, this has been translated in an ever growing state financing of the national health system in order to guarantee a higher coverage, worldwide access, different programs sustainability, as well as the quality and results achieved in such area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]