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This paper provides pioneering estimates of the impact of loan-to-value (LTV) ratios, also known as leverage, on Bolivia's GDP. The empirical evidence reveals the pro-cyclicality between the economic and financial cycles, which affects the intertemporal resource allocation processes between the financial and real sectors. The findings from the RBC model demonstrate that shocks in the loan-to-value (LTV) ratios trigger a rise in housing prices and greater consumption by entrepreneurs, leading to an increase in investment, employment, and output. Additionally, the study confirms that LTV ratios can be a double-edged instrument, as excessive use can potentially destabilize the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bolivia, women working in similar positions as men face lower remunerations, besides being concentrated in low-paid jobs. This paper sheds lights over the gender labor income gap evolution in Bolivia over a 25-year period (1993 to 2018). Using household surveys and applying two different methods, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and the Ñopo decomposition, we find sound evidence of an important reduction in the gender labor income gap during the analyzed period. This reduction is due to, firstly, the reduction of the number of observable characteristics affecting the labor market such as education and the impact of family characteristics on access to employment. Secondly, it shows the reduction in the unexplained component, which is usually assumed to be discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to conceptually present measures of performance, cost and efficiency of the public sector and quantify them fo r various services in the Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. As in all applied research, the work has limitations that originate, fundamentally, in the lack of information. But using the available information some results are obtained that can be challenged in future research. The quantifications show important improvements between 1992 and 2012. In this period, the vertical structure of the general government of Bolivia underwent a profound transformation originated in the process of fiscal decentralization. Expenditure from subnational government levels (departments and municipalities) doubled its share in total spending between 1990 and 2012 and municipal participation went from approximately one third of subnational spending to approximately two thirds. The preliminary conclusion of this work is the existence of a positive relationship between performance in the health, education, and housing and urban services sectors and decentralization. With the improvement in performance also increased the political participation of citizens so that it can be concluded, preliminarily, that the country moved in one of the positive intervals of the federalism frontier of Inman and Rubinstein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]