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The article explains the need to reform the euro due to a downturn in the global economy. It discusses how the euro affected member countries, including the removal of independent monetary policies and the ability to devalue their exchange rates. The impact of the currency union on economies of Italy, Spain and Ireland is analyzed, as well as the possibility that the European Union (EU) will experience another sovereign-debt crisis.

The article focuses on the Holy Roman Empire and makes comparisons to the European Union (EU) in 2012. Topics include what can be learned about unions from the Empire, the curse of 'small-statism,' and the importance of economic and political unity. Information is provided on the impact of the economic crisis on the European Union.

The article considers the possibility that the financial crisis in the euro area of the European Union (EU) could result in one or more countries leaving the monetary union. Departure from the euro area is forecast to have a serious negative effect on Germany, the union's wealthiest neighbor, and a catastrophic effect on Greece, the country most at risk of defaulting on its public debt.

The article examines a financial crisis in the euro area monetary union of European Union (EU) countries related to public debts and government securities. A fund created by the euro area countries and the International Monetary Fund to provide short-term economic assistance to allow countries to cover payments on public debt has failed to prevent a continued decline in prices of government securities. The possibility of debt restructuring for some EU countries is discussed.

The author offers opinions on European Union (EU) finance and the euro area monetary union of EU countries. The financial crisis created by the possible defaults of Greece and Ireland is seen as indicating a need for shared fiscal as well as monetary policies. It is acknowledged that there may not be enough political support for such integration within the EU.

Discusses equity prices in rich countries in light of corporate profits and questions whether there will be disappointing economic growth in 1999. Company profits lower in the world's rich countries; How financial conditions in Japan and Asia have contributed to lower corporate profits; How the launch of the euro will have an impact on price competition in Europe and elsewhere; Graphs on profits and share prices.