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While whole animal studies have their place in risk assessment of food and feed components, it is thought that more modern approaches such as human focused new approached methodologies (NAMs) would bring advantages including a greater focus to the human species, a focus on molecular mechanism and kinetics and the possibility of addressing susceptible populations. This report outlines the thinking from the authors and culminates in activity proposals in seven distinct but interacting scientific areas i.e. development of additional AOPs/AOP networks (AOPs), advanced cell culture models including Organ on a chip (OoC), toxicokinetic assessment with a focus on physiological based kinetic modelling (PBK), exposome, human susceptibility, data integration and new concepts in human risk assessment. Furthermore, the development of a Forum is proposed to facilitate the implementation of new approaches and concepts in risk assessment. The report was compiled by the project team, renowned experts in the various areas, and recommendations were discussed with EFSA and further refined following consultation with external experts via a dedicated workshop. The authors are convinced that if the recommendations are taken up, there will be a significant impact in the field, resulting in increasing the uptake and utilisation of these emerging technologies by all stakeholders involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Extensive Literature Search (ELS) to collect and identify all studies published since 2009 and relevant to the topic organic arsenic in combination with the substance group characterisation, occurrence in food and toxicity was performed in the three databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus for eight scientific Areas. After combination of the searches from the three databases and removal of the duplicates, the total number of references was 6998. The evaluation of all retrieved references for relevance by screening the title and abstract and applying eligibility criteria (inclusion/exclusion) for group (a) small methylated arsenic species resulted in a total number of relevant references for 406 for Area 1a, 246 for Area 2a, 287 for Area 3a, 31 for Area 4a, 56 for Area 5a, 108 for Area 6a, 38 for Area 7a and 95 for Area 8a. In comparison a smaller number of relevant references was retrieved for substance group (b) arsenic species other than small methylated species and including any other organic species: 352 for Area 1b, 73 for Area 2b, 257 for Area 3b, 14 for Area 4b, 23 for Area 5b, 30 for Area 6b, 57 for Area 7b, and 18 for Area 8b. However, these were assigned to be relevant for more than one Area or substance group. All relevant references were additionally screened to extract available information at a high level by full paper review. In this step, some references were excluded due to the lack of relevant information. The total number of relevant references is further reduced to 1239. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]