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The sol-gel technique is a new technique which offers an effective way of modifying fabrics, and it has been proven to be simple, effective, and has many advantages. It is interesting to explore on the viability of using sol-gel technology to modify surfaces of various fabric blends.

The sol-gel technique offers an effective way of modifying fabrics, and has many advantages. In this paper, silica nano particles in the solid form were prepared from TEOS precursor; further application of these silica nanoparticles to polyester wool, and polyester cotton blends as well as polyester and cotton fabrics is carried out. Improved fabrics printability, as well as acquiring antibacterial properties were achieved. The basic idea for using sol-gel technology to modify fabric blend surfaces in order to solve their coloration problems and to attain solid shades using a single set of dyes.

POLYESTER (PET) fabrics that containing nitrogen can be considered as a potential material for multipurpose applications. For this purpose, primary attention is given to introduce nitrogen-containing functional group onto the surface of PET fabrics using synthesized UV-curable polyurethane acrylate built-in amine. Moreover, the effect of incorporation the amino groups on the printing behavior of polyester fabric was evaluated. Polyurethane acrylate built-in amine resins were prepared either by one-shot sonochemical polymerization or by using conventional thermal synthesis procedure. Then, UV-curable coatings were prepared by mixing the prepared polyurethane acrylate built-in amine resin with the main components of UV curable coatings such as monomer as a diluent and 2-Hydroxy-4`-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone as photo-initiator. The prepared built-in amine photopolymers were characterized by (H1-NMR), (FTIR), and (GPC). The morphology of the cured coating was also examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, fastness properties of the printed fabrics and color strength were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the incorporation of the nitrogen groups on the stability of the coating layer. The results showed that, the IR Spectra of vinyl terminated PU polymers has a characteristic peak of N-H stretching at 3326 cm−1 accredited to the formation of urethane bond. It was also found that treatment of PET fabric with polyurethane acrylates resin containing built-in amine results in an increase in the affinity to acid dyes. The current work opens up a novel opportunity to develop nitrogen-containing PET fabrics.

Recycling of textile waste materials has attracted significant attention for fabrication low-cost dye adsorbent from aqueous solutions. Viscose cellulosic waste fibers are supposed to give an answer to the finding low-cost adsorbent materials. In this research work, viscose waste fibers (VF) were modified by selective oxidation to improve the ability to absorb cationic dyes during wastewater treatment. For this purpose, different treatment parameters were investigated such as sodium periodate concentration, and time of selective oxidation with sodium chlorite. Then, unmodified and oxidized viscose fibers (OVF) were ball milled to produce viscose powder (VP) and oxidized viscose powder (OVP), respectively. The morphology of obtained viscose powders was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, methylene blue adsorption onto viscose cellulose fiber waste (VF) and oxidized viscose fibers (OVF) was studied as a function of contact time (0–80 min), adsorbent dosage (1–9 g/L), MB solution initial pH (3–9) and MB initial concentration (20–80 mg/L). The results showed that MB adsorption onto VF and OVF is a rapid favorable chemisorption process that can be well described by the Langmuir model. The higher adsorption capacity of OVF than VF was related to the increase of the carboxylic group. The oxidized viscose fiber can be used as a potential adsorbent for water treatment.

Removal of methylene blue (MB) from water using adsorbent developed from waste wool fiber has been investigated by batch adsorption experiments in the present work. Wool fiber waste (WF) was collected from a local Spinning and Weaving Company, cleaned and further treated with citric acid to increase its adsorption capacity toward basic dyes. Raw and treated WF were ball milled to produce wool powder (WP) and modified wool powder (MWP), respectively. The carboxyl content was increased steadily as the citric acid solution concentration increased. The introduction of the carboxyl groups also has been proved by streaming potential measurements. The effect of contact time, wool dose and dye solution pH on the adsorption process were studied too. The adsorption isotherm was examined using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models. The adsorption equilibrium was attained within 20 minutes with a maximum removal percentage of 70 and 78 for WP and MWP, respectively. The wool dose affects the adsorption process significantly, especially for MWP which removes a higher percentage of MB (86 %) compared to WP (75 %). Both Freundlich and D-R were well fitting the adsorption equilibrium data with R2 > 0.9. The values of Freundlich exponent factor (n) and D-R adsorption energy (E) reveal the chemisorption nature of the MB adsorption on both WP and MWP. This work demonstrated that, chemical and physical modifications of the waste wool fiber with citric acid has enhanced the adsorption of MB.

A different chemical nature of PET/cotton fibers hinders to attain solid shade during the coloration process. To overcome this problem in current the attempt, surface functionalization of PET/cotton fabric by simple and cost effective sol-gel technology was investigated. By this simple coating method, different anchor sites were introduced onto the PET/cotton fabric surface such as amine, epoxy or hydroxyl. Incorporation of such groups was conducted using two different alkoxysilanes, namely 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as coupling agents for C.I. reactive blue 5 and C.I. acid blue 80 dyes. The sol-gel synthesis reactions of used alkoxysilanes were preceded under either acidic or basic condition. The chemistry and morphology of APTES and GPTMS modified PET/cotton surface were studied by utilizing some surface sensitive techniques such as streaming potential measurements, ATR-FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-dependent contact angle measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, color strength and fastness tests of the prints were examined to test the effectiveness of the fabric surface modification. It was observed that the isoelectric point value of PET/cotton fabric coated with base-hydrolyzed APTES is shifted toward higher pH value in comparison with PET/cotton fabric coated with base-hydrolyzed GPTMS. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of sol-gel modified PET/cotton fabric was increased. The results also presented that the PET/cotton blend fabrics after treatment with base-hydrolyzed APTES showed improvement in K/S value and fastness properties.