1. Skewed X-inactivation is common in the general female population
- Author
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Shvetsova, E, Sofronova, A, Monajemi, R, Gagalova, K, Draisma, HHM, White, SJ, Santen, GWE, Lopes, SMCDS, Heijmans, BT, Van Meurs, J, Jansen, R, Franke, L, Kielbasa, SM, Den Dunnen, JT, 't Hoen, PAC, Boomsma, DI, Pool, R, Van Dongen, J, Hottenga, JJ, Van Greevenbroek, MMJ, Da Stehouwer, C, Van der Kallen, CJH, Schalkwijk, CG, Wijmenga, C, Zhernakova, S, Tigchelaar, EF, Slagboom, PE, Beekman, M, Deelen, J, Van Heemst, D, Veldink, JH, Van den Berg, LH, Van Duijn, CM, Hofman, BA, Uitterlinden, AG, Jhamai, PM, Verbiest, M, Suchiman, HED, Verkerk, M, Van der Breggen, R, Van Rooij, J, Lakenberg, N, Mei, H, Bot, J, Zhernakova, DV, 't Hof, PV, Deelen, P, Nooren, I, Moed, M, Vermaat, M, Luijk, R, Bonder, MJ, Van Iterson, M, Van Dijk, F, Van Galen, M, Arindrarto, W, Swertz, MA, Van Zwet, EW, Isaacs, A, Francioli, LC, Menelaou, A, Pulit, SL, Palamara, PF, Elbers, CC, Neerincx, PB, Ye, K, Guryev, V, Kloosterman, WP, Abdellaoui, A, Van Leeuwen, EM, Van Oven, M, Li, M, Laros, JF, Karssen, LC, Kanterakis, A, Amin, N, Lameijer, EW, Kattenberg, M, Dijkstra, M, Byelas, H, Van Setten, J, Van Schaik, BD, Nijman, IJ, Renkens, I, Marschall, T, Schonhuth, A, Hehir-Kwa, JY, Handsaker, RE, Polak, P, Sohail, M, Vuzman, D, Hormozdiari, F, Van Enckevort, D, Koval, V, Moed, MH, Van der Velde, KJ, Rivadeneira, F, Estrada, K, Medina-Gomez, C, McCarroll, SA, De Craen, AJ, Suchiman, HE, Oostra, B, Willemsen, G, Platteel, M, Pitts, SJ, Potluri, S, Sundar, P, Cox, DR, Sunyaev, SR, Stoneking, M, De Knijff, P, Kayser, M, Li, Q, Li, Y, Du, Y, Chen, R, Cao, H, Li, N, Cao, S, Wang, J, Bovenberg, JA, Pe'er, I, Van Ommen, GJ, De Bakker, PI, Consortium, Bios, Consortium, Gonl, BIOS consortium, GoNL consortium, Groningen Institute for Gastro Intestinal Genetics and Immunology (3GI), Translational Immunology Groningen (TRIGR), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Stem Cell Aging Leukemia and Lymphoma (SALL), Epidemiology and Data Science, AII - Inflammatory diseases, APH - Methodology, Experimental Immunology, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, APH - Personalized Medicine, Biological Psychology, APH - Mental Health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, RS: Carim - V01 Vascular complications of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, Interne Geneeskunde, RS: CARIM - R3 - Vascular biology, MUMC+: MA Reumatologie (9), MUMC+: MA Nefrologie (9), MUMC+: MA Medische Oncologie (9), MUMC+: MA Hematologie (9), MUMC+: MA Maag Darm Lever (9), MUMC+: MA Endocrinologie (9), MUMC+: HVC Pieken Maastricht Studie (9), RS: CARIM - R3.01 - Vascular complications of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, MUMC+: MA Interne Geneeskunde (3), RS: Carim - B01 Blood proteins & engineering, RS: FHML MaCSBio, RS: CARIM - R1 - Thrombosis and haemostasis, RS: CARIM - R1.01 - Blood proteins & engineering, Biochemie, Psychiatry, VU University medical center, Pediatric surgery, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Internal Medicine, Epidemiology, Genetic Identification, and Clinical Genetics
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Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics ,CHROMOSOME-INACTIVATION ,BIOS consortium ,Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ,Septins/genetics ,Population genetics ,GoNL consortium ,Population/genetics ,Negative selection ,0302 clinical medicine ,X Chromosome Inactivation ,Receptors ,Non-U.S. Gov't ,Genetics (clinical) ,Netherlands ,Genetics & Heredity ,Genetics ,education.field_of_study ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,Dosage compensation ,DMD LOCUS ,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ,Receptors, Peptide/genetics ,Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Peptide/genetics ,Single Nucleotide ,CARRIERS ,TRANSLOCATION ,VARIABILITY ,Female ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,EXPRESSION ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Receptors, Peptide ,Population ,ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY ,Biology ,Research Support ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Article ,X-inactivation ,DUCHENNE MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY ,03 medical and health sciences ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Journal Article ,Humans ,Polymorphism ,Allele ,education ,Skewed X-inactivation ,Gene ,0604 Genetics ,Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics ,Science & Technology ,CONSEQUENCES ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ,030104 developmental biology ,Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics ,PATTERNS ,Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics ,Nanomedicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 19] ,Septins ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
X-inactivation is a well-established dosage compensation mechanism ensuring that X-chromosomal genes are expressed at comparable levels in males and females. Skewed X-inactivation is often explained by negative selection of one of the alleles. We demonstrate that imbalanced expression of the paternal and maternal X-chromosomes is common in the general population and that the random nature of the X-inactivation mechanism can be sufficient to explain the imbalance. To this end, we analyzed blood-derived RNA and whole-genome sequencing data from 79 female children and their parents from the Genome of the Netherlands project. We calculated the median ratio of the paternal over total counts at all X-chromosomal heterozygous single-nucleotide variants with coverage ≥10. We identified two individuals where the same X-chromosome was inactivated in all cells. Imbalanced expression of the two X-chromosomes (ratios ≤0.35 or ≥0.65) was observed in nearly 50% of the population. The empirically observed skewing is explained by a theoretical model where X-inactivation takes place in an embryonic stage in which eight cells give rise to the hematopoietic compartment. Genes escaping X-inactivation are expressed from both alleles and therefore demonstrate less skewing than inactivated genes. Using this characteristic, we identified three novel escapee genes (SSR4, REPS2, and SEPT6), but did not find support for many previously reported escapee genes in blood. Our collective data suggest that skewed X-inactivation is common in the general population. This may contribute to manifestation of symptoms in carriers of recessive X-linked disorders. We recommend that X-inactivation results should not be used lightly in the interpretation of X-linked variants.
- Published
- 2019
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